粉煤灰活性炭处理含铜废水的性能

为了研究粉煤灰活性炭的吸附性能,以原粉煤灰和纯活性炭作对照,比较3种吸附剂在不同时间、pH和投加量下处理含Cu(Ⅱ)废水的性能.结果表明,在pH 5,吸附时间60 min的条件下,纯活性炭、粉煤灰活性炭和粉煤灰对含Cu(Ⅱ)废水的去除率依次为100%、97%和78.7%,粉煤灰活性炭吸附性能接近纯活性炭.Cu饱和的粉煤灰活性炭,用0.2 mol.L-1浓度的HCl清洗解吸效果最好.在饱和吸附和解吸重复10次后,再生粉煤灰活性炭的吸附容量下降20%,接近活性炭的18%,充分说明粉煤灰活性炭有较好的可再生性.粉煤灰制成粉煤灰活性炭,用于含金属废水的治理,不仅效果好、成本低,还是粉煤灰资源化的重要途径,有广阔的应用前景.     

Stability of a Coal Waste Artificial Reef

The feasibility of using U.K. coal-fired power station waste materials for artificial reef production is being examined. in June, 1989, an experimental artificial reef was constructed in Poole Bay, off the central south coast of the U.K., using three different mixtures of pulverised fuel ash (PFA), flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) gypsum and slurry, stabilized with cement and formed into blocks. Fifty tonnes of 40 × 20 × 20 cm blocks were formed into eight conical reef units replicating three different PFA/gypsum mixtures and one concrete control. the reef structure is 10m below chart datum on a flat sandy sea-bed.

Combustion of coal concentrates the heavy metal content in the resultant ash. the purpose of stabilization of the ash as blocks is twofold: to immobilize heavy metals (or other components) and to provide hard substratum for the attachment of organisms. to examine the effectiveness of this stabilization and hence the environmental compatibility of the block materials, heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, Ni, Zn) content of the blocks has been monitored routinely over two years, to determine leaching rates. Sectional profiles indicate partial replacement of calcium content by magnesium. Associated with this there has also been some redistribution of heavy metals. Only in the case of cadmium has there been a detectable loss from the surface of blocks. Chromium and manganese concentrations appear to have increased. the metal content of the reef epibiota (including ascidians, Ascidia mentula; hydroids, Halecium spp.; bryozoans, Bugula spp. and red algae) growing on the ash blocks has been compared to that of epibiota attached to the concrete controls and surrounding sea-bed. to date no evidence of excess bioaccumulation of metals has been detected.

The physical integrity of the ash reef blocks has been maintained. There is evidence that the blocks are increasing in compressive strength.

An indication of the fishery enhancement potential of the experimental structure is given by the presence of eight commercially fished species (crustaceans and molluscs) including lobsters (Homarus gammarus).     

Utilization of fly ash in adsorption of heavy metals from wastewater

The aim of this study was to assess the toxicity reduction of wastewaster after treatment with fly ash. Fly ash is a waste material which is formed as a result of coal burning in power plants, but has the potential to adsorb heavy metal ions. The present study examined the adsorption capacity of fly ash to adsorb Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Zn²⁺ from waste water under different conditions of contact time, pH, and temperature. Uptake of metal ions by fly ash generally rose with increasing pH. At lower temperatures the uptake of heavy metal adsorption were enhanced. Significant reduction in Pb²⁺ (79%), Cu²⁺ (53%), and Zn²⁺ (80%) content was found after treatment with fly ash of waste water treatment. Using the microtox test toxicity of the effluent was reduced by 75% due to removal of Pb²⁺ ion by the fly ash. Data indicated that fly ash generated by power plants may be used beneficially to remove metals from waste water.     

Trace elemental characterization of fly ash

The purpose of this study was to determine heavy metal concentrations in ash samples taken from the filter of the gas cleaning system of biomass incinerators in Austria. Knowing the concentrations of heavy metals is important for the decision of further treatment or utilization of the ashes. The heavy metals contained in the ashes remain in the bottom ash of the incinerator or leave the incinerator with the off-gas and are collected in the off-gas filter. The amount of the metals in the collected fly ash depends on the composition of the input material. The aim of this study was to examine this influence and compare the results with literature data. For measurement, the fly ash samples were at first dissolved in a microwave digestion unit using nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. Afterwards, 20 metals were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Al, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn were found in higher concentrations in the fly ash samples. The enrichment factor between the concentrations in the fly ash and the concentrations in the input material was on average in the range of 18.     

PCDD/DFs and coplanar PCBs in fly ash samples from various types of incinerators in Taiwan

Polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/DFs) and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co‐PCBs) were determined in fly ash samples from municipal solid waste (MSW), medical waste (MW), and electricity power plant incinerators in Taiwan. The average concentrations of PCDD/DFs and Co‐PCBs are 7.02 ng‐TEQ/g and 1.06 ng‐TEQ/g, respectively. The contributions to total TEQ are 24% from PCDDs, 64% from PCDFs, and 12% from Co‐PCBs, indicating that PCDFs generate the highest environmental impact and MSW and MW incinerators are potential Co‐PCBs contaminating sources. The levels of PCDD/DFs and Co‐PCBs found in ash samples increase from petroleum‐fired, coal‐fired, large municipal solid waste, small medical waste, to small municipal solid waste incinerators, and are generally lower than those from incinerators built earlier. All fly ash samples analyzed in this study were considered hazardous materials. More research is suggested to establish the relationship between the amounts of PCDD/DFs and Co‐PCBs in fly ash and in flue gas.     

改性粉煤灰处理含Cr(Ⅵ)废水的研究

实验研究了工业废弃物改性粉煤灰对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附的影响因素,讨论了pH值、浓度、温度及时间对吸附量的影响。讨论了反应机理,计算反应热力学参数(焓、自由能、熵)。实验结果表明,当Cr(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度为10 mg/L,反应温度303 K,pH=1时,吸附量最大为0.47 mg/g。吸附过程符合兰格缪尔等温吸附。吸附过程为自发进行的放热反应。反应温度为303 K时,反应过程的焓值为-3.529 kJ/mol,自由能-4.664kJ/mol,熵3.746 J/(mol.K)。反应动力学过程表明反应符合准二级动力学反应。     

电炉铁合金飞灰中金属和二噁英分布特性研究

分别利用高分辨气相色谱-低分辨质谱(HRGC-LRMS)联用仪、原子吸收分光光度计对4个电炉铁合金飞灰中4-8氯取代PCDD/Fs和12种金属进行检测,结果表明,飞灰中金属元素浓度高,其中重金属以Zn浓度最高,为19835.918~36729.200mg/kg;Ni浓度最低,为9.000~43.627mg/kg.4个灰样中PCDD/Fs的浓度差别较大,总量在33.792~88.125ng/g范围内,该浓度水平与生活垃圾焚烧飞灰相当.4个灰样中PCDD/Fs的分布特征不尽相同,但是均以OCDD/F的浓度最高.飞灰中较高的二噁英浓度水平与高浓度的Fe、Cu、Ca和Ni等金属存在一定的相关性.     

Characterization of chlorine and heavy metals for the potential recycling of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incinerators as cement additives

Bottom ash is an inevitable by-product from municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration plants. Recycling it as additives for cement production is a promising disposal method. However, the heavy metals and chlorine are the main limiting factors because of the potential environmental risks and corrosion of cement kilns. Therefore, investigating heavy metal and chlorine characteristics of bottom ash is the significant prerequisite of its reuse in cement industries. In this study, a correlative analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of the MSW components and collection mode on the heavy metal and chlorine characteristics in bottom ash. The chemical speciation of insoluble chlorine was also investigated by synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis. The results showed that industrial waste was the main source of heavy metals, especially Cr and Pb, in bottom ash. The higher contents of plastics and kitchen waste lead to the higher chlorine level (0.6 wt.%–0.7 wt.%) of the bottom ash. The insoluble chlorine in the MSW incineration bottom ash existed primarily as AlOCl, which was produced under the high temperature (1250°C) in incinerators.

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生活垃圾焚烧飞灰差异性特征对脱氯除盐效果影响研究——以重庆和天津飞灰为例

随着生活垃圾焚烧技术的普及,垃圾焚烧飞灰的资源化利用迫在眉睫,然而飞灰中的高浓度氯元素严重阻碍了其资源化进程.水洗技术作为常用的脱氯除盐技术,得到越来越多的应用,但除氯效果受飞灰自身性质特征影响较大.本研究从重庆和天津采集了两种理化性质具有较大差异的垃圾焚烧飞灰,在对其粒径分布、化学组成、矿物组成、pH值和浸出毒性等基本特征进行分析表征的基础上,采用水洗技术和碳酸化水洗技术对两种飞灰进行了脱氯处理.结果表明,重庆飞灰氯元素的赋存形态包括NaCl、KCl等可溶性氯盐,还含有较高浓度的难溶氯盐(如CaClOH、Friedel盐和Ca₆(CO₃)₂(OH)₇Cl),因此,水洗技术难以达到理想的脱氯效果,氯盐去除率最高为88%.在水洗过程中通入CO₂可以显著降低反应体系的pH值,促进难溶盐的转化和溶解,进而提高飞灰氯盐的去除率.重庆飞灰采用加速碳酸化水洗技术,氯盐去除率最高可达94%.天津飞灰中氯元素主要以可溶性氯盐的形式存在,难溶盐占比很少,因此,水洗技术可以达到较高的脱盐率(96%).采用加速碳酸化技术对天津飞灰进行处理,发现氯盐去除率较纯水洗技术反而有所降低,分析其主要原因可能与加速碳酸化过程中碳酸钙等物质的再沉淀对氯盐的裹挟作用有关.由此可知,飞灰自身性特征尤其是氯盐的赋存形态对于脱氯除盐技术的选择有重要影响.因此,实际资源化利用过程中,可根据飞灰性质来决定预处理手段,从而最大化提升效率和节约成本.     

垃圾渗沥液腐蚀下污泥灰改性黏土压缩特性及孔隙结构

采用市政污泥为原材料烧制污泥灰,并将污泥灰作为改良添加剂对传统填埋场压实黏土衬垫系统进行改性,以达到实现污泥资源化利用以及减少黏土作为衬垫防渗材料的用量.为评价污泥灰改性黏土作为填埋场衬垫材料的工程特性以及微观结构,通过固结压缩试验、低温氮气吸附试验、颗粒分析试验分别检测改性黏土的压缩特性、微观孔隙结构、颗粒组成.压缩试验结果表明,受垃圾渗沥液腐蚀后的改性黏土,随污泥灰含量的增加,孔隙比增大、压缩量减小;经垃圾渗沥液腐蚀后,改性黏土的压缩系数(α1-2)为0.310~0.391MPa-1,固结系数(Cv)为2.446~2.768cm2/s.低温氮气吸附试验结果表明,改性黏土的吸附-脱附等温线属于Ⅴ型等温线;对于垃圾渗沥液腐蚀的改性黏土,孔径分布呈双肩峰形式,孔径为3~7nm的孔隙占比较大,累计孔容为0.509~0.530cm3/g.颗粒分析试验结果显示,受渗沥液腐蚀后改性黏土颗粒组成差异性明显,粒径>11.5 μm的颗粒为35.09%~49.42%;粒径为2.3~1.5 μm的颗粒为2.35%~7.28%;粒径<2.3 μm的颗粒为46.57%~57.63%.污泥灰改性黏土具有较好的抗垃圾渗滤液腐蚀效果,可将其作为填埋场衬垫材料使用.