Application of 'waste' wood-shaving bottom ash for adsorption of azo reactive dye

The utilization of wood-shaving bottom ash (WBA) for the removal of Red Reactive 141 (RR141), an azo reactive dye, was investigated. WBA/H(2)O and WBA/H(2)SO(4) were made by treating WBA with water and 0.1M H(2)SO(4), respectively, to increase adsorption capacity. Adsorption of RR141 from reactive dye solution (RDS) and reactive dye wastewater (RDW) by WBA/H(2)O and WBA/H(2)SO(4) involved the BET surface area and pore size diameter. Properties of adsorbents, effect of contact time, initial pH of solution, dissolved metals and elution studies indicated that the decolorisation mechanism involved both chemical adsorption and precipitation with calcium ions. In addition, the WBA/H(2)SO(4) surface might contain sulphate-cation complexes that were specific to enhancing dye adsorption from RDW. The adsorption isotherm had a best fit by the Freundlich model. Freundlich parameters showed that WBA/H(2)O used more heterogeneous surface than WBA/H(2)SO(4) and activated carbon for RDW adsorption. A thermodynamic study indicated that RDW adsorption was an endothermic process. The maximum dye adsorption capacities of WBA/H(2)O, WBA/H(2)SO(4) and activated carbon obtained from a Langmuir model at 30 degrees C were 24.3, 29.9, and 41.5mgl(-1), respectively. In addition, WBA/H(2)O and WBA/H(2)SO(4) could reduce colour and high chemical oxygen demand (COD) of real textile wastewater. According to the difficulty in the elution study, it was an environmentally safe disposal of this waste. Therefore, WBA, a waste from combustion of wood shavings, was suitable to be used as an effective adsorbent for azo reactive dye removal.     

Highly siliceous MCM-48 from rice husk ash for CO2 adsorption

Mesoporous MCM-48 silica was synthesized using a cationic-neutral surfactant mixture as the structure-directing template and rice husk ash (RHA) as the silica source. The MCM-48 samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), N₂ physisorption and SEM. X-ray diffraction pattern of the resulting MCM-48 revealed typical pattern of cubic Ia3d mesophase. BET results showed the MCM-48 to have a surface area of 1024 m²/g and FT-IR revealed a silanol functional group at about 3460 cm⁻¹. Breakthrough experiments in the presence of MCM-48 were also carried out to test the material's CO₂ adsorption capacity. The breakthrough time for CO₂ was found to decrease as the temperature increased from 298 K to 348 K. The steep slopes observed shows the CO₂ adsorption occurred very quickly, with only a minimal mass transfer effect and very fast kinetics. In addition, amine grafted MCM-48, APTS-MCM-48 (RHA), was prepared with the 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) to investigate the effect of amine functional group in CO₂ separation. An order of magnitude higher CO₂ adsorption capacity was obtained in the presence of APTS-MCM-48 (RHA) compared to that with MCM-48 (RHA). These results suggest that MCM-48 synthesized from rice husk ash could be usefully applied for CO₂ removal.     

底灰动态吸附焦化和造纸废水研究

分析了底灰的化学组成、矿物组成和比表面积等基本理化性质;采用动态吸附柱法研究了底灰处理焦化和造纸废水的性能,探讨了进水流量和吸附柱高度对吸附效果的影响.结果表明,底灰不仅有吸附作用,还具有一定的混凝作用;颗粒态有机碳(POC)较易被混凝除去,焦化废水中POC占总有机碳(TOC)的17%,而造纸废水中POC仅占TOC的2.3%,因此底厌对焦化废水COD的去除效果比造纸废水好;底灰对焦化废水色度的去除率要高于COD;接近吸附饱和时,底灰对造纸废水OM275的去除率仍有约27%,说明造纸废水中苯环类物质相比于其他有机物较易被去除.     

自然堆存下的飞灰污染物浸出毒性研究

测定了飞灰的主要组成成分和重金属元素含量。生活垃圾焚烧飞灰在2年期的自然堆存下,通过分析不同时期污染物浸出特性,以研究飞灰污染物自然老化特征。结果表明：飞灰的主要组成元素有Ca、Si、Al、S、K、Na、Fe、Mg和Cl等,其重金属元素含量大约占1%。飞灰自然老化后,Pb 、Zn 、Cr^6＋、Hg和氰化物的迁移性大大降低;Cu 、As和Cd变化不明显,Cr的浸出略有增加;飞灰中的重金属元素在低pH下仍不具有长期稳定性,因而具有较大的环境风险。     

Continuous CO2 capture and MSWI fly ash stabilization, utilizing novel dynamic equipment

Novel dynamic equipment with gas in and out continuously was developed to study the capture capacity of CO₂. Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash has a high capture rate of CO₂ in CO₂-rich gas. Fly ash can sequester pure CO₂ rapidly, and its capacity is 16.3 g CO₂/100 g fly ash with no water added and 21.4 g CO₂/100 g fly ash with 20% water added. For simulated incineration gas containing 12% CO₂, the capture rate decreased and the capacity was 13.2 g CO₂/100 g fly ash with no water added and 18.5 g CO₂/100 g fly ash with 20% water added. After accelerated carbonation, the C and O contents increased, indicating CO₂ capture in the fly ash; CO₂ combines with Ca(OH)₂ to form CaCO₃, which increased the CaCO₃ content from 12.5 to 54.3%. The leaching of Pb markedly decreased from 24.48 to 0.111 mg/L.     

The Indian perspective of utilizing fly ash in phytoremediation, phytomanagement and biomass production

Coal-based power generation is a principal source of electricity in India and many other countries. About 15–30% of the total amount of residue generated during coal combustion is fly ash (FA). FA is generally alkaline in nature and contains many toxic metals like Cr, Pb, Hg, As and Cd along with many essential elements like S, B, Ca, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn and P. Dumped FA contaminates the biosphere by mobilization of its fine particles and hazardous metals. Despite the negative environmental impact of FA, coal continues to be a major source of power production in India and therefore FA disposal is a major environmental issue. To overcome this problem, FA dumping sites have been started as a potential resource for biomass production of tree species. Phytoremediation is a strategy that uses plants to degrade, stabilize, and remove contaminants from soils, water and waste FA. Phytomanagement of FA is based on the plants' root systems, high biomass, woody nature, native nature, and resistance to pH, salinity, and toxic metals. Recently Indian researchers mostly from the National Botanical Research Institute have been working on phytoremediation and revegetation of FA dykes, inoculation of bacterial strains for reducing FA stress and biomass production from FA dykes. Many international researchers have worked on reclamation, revegetation and utilization of FA. FA utilization saves resources, mainly land (topsoil), water, coal, limestone and chemical fertilizer. Safe utilization of FA is a major concern around the world and regulatory bodies are enforcing stringent rules for the proper management of FA. This article summarizes various viable avenues in India for FA utilization and environmental management.     

超临界水无害化共处理PVC和医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰的可行性探讨

采用超临界水氧化降解PVC同时无害化处理医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰,利用PVC脱氯形成的中间产物盐酸提取医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属,达到飞灰无害化的目的。结果显示,超临界水可以将飞灰颗粒打碎,从而提高盐酸提取重金属的速率和效果,但是在超临界水中还存在重金属的固定过程,过长的反应时间和过高的反应温度都会降低重金属的提取效率。在提取过程中,Cu和Zn优先于Pb被盐酸浸出,而Pb被浸出后很容易被超临界水进一步固定。综合考虑重金属在超临界水中的变化特性,总结出超临界水处理飞灰和PVC的最佳条件为:PVC与飞灰质量比0.5:1,温度400℃,提取时间90 min。处理后的飞灰再次经过水洗后,其重金属浸出浓度低于USEPA规定的限制值。本研究为飞灰的无害化处理提供一条新的思路。     

粉煤灰合成沸石去除城市暴雨径流中氨氮

采用粉煤灰为原料,通过耦合碱熔-两步合成法制得3种合成沸石产品,并以合成沸石制备大粒径的功能填料。通过氨氮吸附速率实验和等温吸附实验探讨了合成沸石及功能填料的氨氮吸附速率和最大吸附容量(Qm),以功能填料构建模拟人工快速渗滤系统,研究其对城市暴雨径流中氨氮的去除效果。结果表明,合成沸石对氨氮的吸附速率极快,5min去除率约达到75%,氨氮最大吸附容量为11.36～16.13 mg/g;功能填料对氨氮的最大吸附容量有所下降,但氨氮吸附速率仍较快,应用于模拟人工快速渗滤系统时能在较高的水力负荷下快速去除城市暴雨径流中的氨氮。碱处理再生法更适于进行合成沸石功能填料原位再生,氨氮吸附容量一次再生率达到67%～87%。     

粉煤灰的精制及在环境中的应用研究

粉煤灰是火电厂排放的硅酸盐残渣,具有质轻、耐高温、强度高等优点,受到科研工作者的广泛关注。本文从粉煤灰的综合利用着手,分析了近年来粉煤灰的研究现状;阐述了粉煤灰的物理化学性质及粉煤灰的形成和精制;概括了当前粉煤灰的主要应用,并对今后粉煤灰的开发利用工作进行了展望。     

碱激发粉煤灰对Cs~+的吸附行为

将粉煤灰进行碱激发改性,运用XRD和SEM技术对碱激发粉煤灰进行了表征,通过静态平衡吸附实验研究了碱激发粉煤灰对Cs+的吸附动力学和热力学特性,并对吸附前后的碱激发粉煤灰进行了FTIR分析。表征结果显示,碱激发处理后,粉煤灰的晶相发生了改变,且粉煤灰表面密实的硬壳层被破坏。实验结果表明:在初始Cs+质量浓度为200 mg/L、吸附温度为25℃、溶液pH为10、碱激发粉煤灰投加量为12.0 g/L的条件下,碱激发粉煤灰对Cs+的平衡吸附率可达80%以上,其吸附能力比碱激发前提高了3倍以上;吸附过程可用准二阶动力学方程来描述,并较好地符合Langmuir等温吸附模型;碱激发粉煤灰对Cs+的吸附是吸热过程,且能自发进行;该过程以物理吸附为主,并伴随化学吸附。