Assessment of mobility and bioavailability of contaminants in MSW incineration ash with aquatic and terrestrial bioassays

Incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a waste treatment method which can be sustainable in terms of waste volume reduction as well as a source of renewable energy. In the process fly and bottom ash is generated as a waste material. The ash residue may vary greatly in composition depending on the type of waste incinerated and it can contain elevated levels of harmful contaminants such as heavy metals. In this study, the ecotoxicity of a weathered, untreated incineration bottom ash was characterized as defined by the H14 criterion of the EU Waste Framework Directive by means of an elemental analysis, leaching tests followed by a chemical analysis and a combination of aquatic and solid-phase bioassays. The experiments were conducted to assess the mobility and bioavailability of ash contaminants. A combination of aquatic and terrestrial bioassays was used to determine potentially adverse acute effects of exposure to the solid ash and aqueous ash leachates. The results from the study showed that the bottom ash from a municipal waste incineration plant in mid-Sweden contained levels of metals such as Cu, Pb and Zn, which exceeded the Swedish EPA limit values for inert wastes. The chemical analysis of the ash leachates showed high concentrations of particularly Cr. The leachate concentration of Cr exceeded the limit value for L/S 10 leaching for inert wastes. Filtration of leachates prior to analysis may have underestimated the leachability of complex-forming metals such as Cu and Pb. The germination test of solid ash and ash leachates using T. repens showed a higher inhibition of seedling emergence of seeds exposed to the solid ash than the seeds exposed to ash leachates. This indicated a relatively low mobility of toxicants from the solid ash into the leachates, although some metals exceeded the L/S 10 leaching limit values for inert wastes. The Microtox® toxicity test showed only a very low toxic response to the ash leachate exposure, while the D. magna immobility test showed a moderately high toxic effect of the ash leachates. Overall, the results from this study showed an ecotoxic effect of the solid MSW bottom ash and the corresponding ash leachates. The material may therefore pose an environmental risk if used in construction applications. However, as the testing of the solid ash was rather limited and the ash leachate showed an unusually high leaching of Cr, further assessments are required in order to conclusively characterize the bottom ash studied herein as hazardous according to the H14 criterion.     

烟气循环流化床（CFB-FGD）干法脱硫优化调整

本文分析了烟气循环流化床工艺的运行调节原理,针对电厂自身的特点,对吸收塔进出口烟温差及床层压降参数进行调整,提高了烟气循环流化床系统运行的经济性.最后根据此实践提出了系统运行中优化调整的可行性.     

碳酸化对不同碱度飞灰中重金属的长期影响

通过对不同地区生活垃圾焚烧飞灰进行碳酸化处理,采用XRF,SEM以及XRD分析飞灰理化特性,通过pH值测定、重金属浸出实验以及重金属形态分析探究CO₂对不同焚烧飞灰中超标重金属Zn、Pb、Cd的长期影响研究.结果表明,由于焚烧过程中烟气排放限值降低需喷入大量氢氧化钙等脱酸剂,导致焚烧飞灰呈现不同碱度特性.根据醋酸缓冲溶液法浸出实验后的飞灰浸出液pH值,将飞灰分为“酸灰”与“碱灰”,并对两类飞灰进行长期碳酸化实验.对比碳酸化前后飞灰中重金属的浸出毒性,“酸灰”中重金属浸出毒性远大于“碱灰”,但是碳酸化处置后“酸灰”中重金属Zn、Cd的浸出浓度分别降低10%~18%和9%~30%;“碱灰”中重金属Zn和Cd的浸出浓度显著增大,且浸出浓度最大超过《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》的1.46与63.2倍;碳酸化对“酸灰”与“碱灰”中的两性重金属Pb的浸出不具有规律性,但总体而言,碳酸化对“碱灰”中重金属Pb的影响更大.最后通过BCR连续分级提取法分析碳酸化前后飞灰中重金属形态的变化规律,碳酸化后,“酸灰”中重金属Zn、Cd的浸出浓度受到T4赋存占比增加的影响呈下降趋势,但部分样品中T1赋存占比有增加现象,说明此类重金属仍存在浸出风险,而“碱灰”碳酸化后重金属Zn、Cd的浸出浓度受到T1赋存占比增加的影响呈增加趋势.因此在填埋处置前应重点关注不同碱度飞灰中的重金属浸出特性,为飞灰长期稳定填埋提供保障.     

利用土著微生物处理焚烧飞灰及资源化初探

利用从自然界花坛土壤中筛选的土著脲酶微生物开展了微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀作用(MICP)处理垃圾焚烧飞灰试验,通过颗粒级配、无侧限抗压强度、重金属浸出毒性测试对固化/稳定化效果进行了评价.结果表明,在土著微生物附著剑菌(Ensifer adhaerens)的MICP作用及飞灰火山灰性的共同作用下,飞灰固化、稳定化效果明显;在较优工况下,无侧限抗压强度可达205.2kPa,弹性模量可达200MPa,主要重金属元素Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn、Cu的浸出浓度满足《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类要求.在此基础上,利用有限元软件ABAQUS分析了将固化飞灰用作道路路面和路基之间填料后,对沥青路面性能的影响.结果表明:在路面碎石基层与路基之间设置固化飞灰层,可有效降低沥青路面底部拉应变,延长疲劳寿命,有效减轻车辙损伤,可作为大量消纳飞灰的处理途径之一.     

微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定垃圾焚烧飞灰中铅

采用微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定了垃圾焚烧飞灰中铅的含量。重点研究了铁氰化钾的用量以及加入盐酸羟胺对测定结果的影响。试验结果表明:加入铁氰化钾可以促进铅烷生成,盐酸羟胺可起到抑制干扰的作用。方法的检出限为0.39μg/L,回收率为83.6%～101.3%。     

草木灰对亚甲基蓝的吸附研究

本实验目的是研究草木灰对吸附亚甲基蓝的去除效果,探讨了亚甲基蓝初始量、吸附时间、pH值等对吸附效果的影响,并运用伪一级、伪二级反应动力学模型和Laugmuir、Freundlich等温线模型进行拟合。结果表明,草木灰对亚甲基蓝溶液的吸附在5 min~30 min速率比较快,约在65 min内达到吸附平衡,pH越大越有利于吸附,浓度在5mg/L时草木灰对亚甲基蓝的吸附最佳。与伪二级动力学曲线模型拟合效果较好,由Laugmuir等温线模型计算得出理论最大吸附容量Qm为2.275 mg/g,吸附性能优异。     

生活垃圾焚烧发电厂设计新思路探讨

以兴义市生活垃圾焚烧发电厂工程为例,介绍了该项目设计的主要内容;总结了项目设计中节省投资和改善环境的新思路,以助于推进生活垃圾焚烧处理技术的应用。     

餐厨废油捕收剂浮选高炭粉煤灰

通过对餐厨废油进行处理,制备餐厨废油捕收剂用以处理高炭粉煤灰.分别采用机械活化试验确定高炭粉煤灰原灰的最佳机械活化时间,通过不同温度工况的浮选试验获得餐厨废油捕收剂的脱炭性能规律并同常规捕收剂煤油对比,通过FTIR、SEM、TG等技术对餐厨废油捕收剂和脱炭产物进行系统分析.结果表明：最佳机械活化时间为30min,最佳温度工况下,浮选炭热值可达到中高热值燃料要求,产物脱炭粉煤灰矿物成分可达到Ⅰ级粉煤灰标准.真正实现了"以废治废"和"变废为宝",对环境保护、节能减排和资源的综合利用有着重要意义.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰热处理过程中Zn的挥发机理研究

试验在650~1350℃条件下探讨了温度和时间对飞灰中Zn的挥发率的影响,采用XAFs对飞灰及二次飞灰中Zn的赋存形态进行分析,运用吉布斯自由能理论推导了Zn的氯化反应途径,并开展了验证试验.结果表明：温度是影响Zn挥发的主要因素,其挥发趋势随温度先增加而后降低,在1000℃时挥发率达到最高,而时间对其挥发效果影响较小;Zn主要以氯化物形态挥发,从假设反应途径的吉布斯自由能理论计算及验证试验得出,热处理过程中Zn的氯化反应分两步进行,首先飞灰中氯化物与SiO₂反应生成Cl₂,而后与ZnO反应生成ZnCl₂,而小部分Cl₂可能与水蒸气反应形成HCl,再与ZnO反应生成ZnCl₂.     

污泥焚烧残渣水热合成NaPl型沸石和水钙沸石的性质研究

本文以污泥焚烧残渣为原料,以传统水热合成方法制得NaPl型沸石和水钙沸石,并对其相关指标进行表征．经x射线衍射、扫描电镜和红外光谱测定表明,制得的产物为无其它杂晶生成的NaPl型沸石和水钙沸石,且具有放射束片状晶体形貌和沸石骨架结构．与原污泥焚烧残渣相比,合成沸石的比表面积和阳离子交换容量提高了47倍、17倍,分别达到...