二氧化钛改性油页岩渣对水溶液中亚甲基蓝和六价铬的吸附

以油页岩渣及其二氧化钛改性材料为吸附剂,探究它们去除水溶液中亚甲基蓝和六价铬的能力.通过实验,控制溶液的pH值、温度、初始浓度和接触时间,观察吸附效果变化特征,研究其动力学和热力学性能.实验表明,改性油页岩渣吸附亚甲基蓝和六价铬的吸附率是未改性的2—3倍,且改性油页岩渣对亚甲基蓝的吸附率可达97%,对六价铬的吸附率不到25%.吸附亚甲基蓝时,pH值越大,吸附效果越好;而吸附六价铬时,最适pH值为4.改性油页岩渣吸附亚甲基蓝实验符合准二阶动力学方程,计算得反应活化能为13.29 kJ.mol-1,表明此过程主要是物理吸附.在热力学方面,由范特霍夫方程计算得ΔG〈0、ΔH〉0,表明此过程自发吸热,可见此过程还伴有化学吸附.Langmuir和Freundlich等温模型拟合结果表明,Langmuir模型数据拟合甚佳,R2=0.9999,说明改性油页岩渣吸附亚甲基蓝是单分子层吸附.二氧化钛改性油页岩渣经7次回收利用后,对亚甲基蓝的吸附效果仅减少约1.5%.     

球形陶粒滤池对城市尾水净化效果研究

为明确以陶粒为填料生物滤池对尾水中主要营养物处理效果,选择球形陶粒滤池对城市尾水进行净化效果研究。试验在室温条件下采用水力停留时间约2 h,曝气量为0.4 L.min-1的陶粒曝气生物滤池装置对洛阳市某污水处理厂的尾水进行深度处理。研究结果表明：球形陶粒生物滤池对尾水中NH3-N去除效果良好,去除率达76%以上;同时该装置对TN,TP和COD具有同时去除作用。进一步研究陶粒对NH3-N吸附去除特征表明,其等温线吸附符合Freundlich Model,表明陶粒对NH3-N的吸附为多层吸附,且对NH3-N的吸附在5 h基本达到饱和吸附。     

臭氧/高锰酸钾/BAF工艺污水深度处理研究

采用O3/KMnO4化学氧化法与曝气生物滤池(BAF)联用工艺处理生活污水二级出水,进行长期连续实验,考察pH、O3/KMnO4投加顺序和投加量对氧化效果的影响。结果表明:采用O3/KMnO4化学氧化法在pH为7.2～7.6的条件下,当O3和KMnO4投加量分别为10和1.5 mg/L时,ρ(BOD)/ρ(COD)由0.13提升至0.26,COD和UV254的去除率分别为30.90%和31.97%。在此基础上采用O3/KMnO4/BAF联用工艺,COD和UV254去除率分别提高至71.30%和74.86%。     

三层滤料高速过滤应用于再生水生产的研究

试验在传统混凝—沉淀—三层滤料过滤工艺的基础上,通过对滤料级配的改进,将三层滤料高速过滤工艺应用于再生水的生产,对其可行性进行分析研究。结果表明:在最佳工艺条件下出水浊度的去除率可达97.5%～98.5%,COD去除率在43%左右。同时研究发现,在高速过滤条件下,通过絮凝剂在滤床中发挥的微絮凝作用,可以起到良好的除污效果且出水水质稳定。     

基于EMD-MFOA-ELM的瓦斯涌出量时变序列预测研究

为准确分析工作面绝对瓦斯涌出量的非平稳特征,实现瓦斯涌出量的准确预测,基于经验模态分解(EMD)、修正的果蝇优化算法(MFOA)和极限学习机(ELM)基本原理,构建瓦斯涌出量的EMD-MFOA-ELM多尺度时变预测模型。通过EMD将瓦斯涌出量时变序列进行深层次分解,获得多尺度本征模态函数(IMF);采用MFOA-ELM对各IMF时变序列建立动态预测模型,等权叠加各预测值,得到模型最终预测结果。以晋煤某矿瓦斯涌出量监测时序样本为例进行研究分析,结果表明:EMD能充分挖掘出监测数据隐含信息,有效降低数据复杂度;该模型预测相对误差为0.024 3%~0.651 0%,平均值仅为0.252 6%,预测精度和泛化能力高于未经EMD分解模型,能很好地适用于非平稳时变序列预测。     

数字滤波法在点源和非点源污染负荷分割中的应用

以分辨流域点源和非点源污染负荷为研究目标,在傅立叶分析的基础上,提出了从污染负荷时间序列中分辨点源和非点源污染负荷的新方法——数字滤波法,探讨了数字滤波方程的参数与滤波次数的关系,并将该方法应用到东江流域COD_Mn负荷的分割上. 应用实例表明,分割的点源和非点源负荷系列曲线符合点源和非点源负荷的产生特点,使用者能够在污染负荷分割过程中通过滤波参数的选取比较方便地加入自己的经验. 一般取较大滤波参数时,只需要3次滤波就能得出较满意的结果.      

Protection Against Dust by Respirators

This article is a brief review of the mechanism of action of fibrous filters and of the performance of respirators; it neglects many of the complications discussed in longer and more detailed articles. An expression is given for the pressure drop across a filter in terms of fibre diameter and filtration velocity. The particle capture mechanisms of interception and diffusional deposition are introduced and the way in which filtration efficiency varies with particle size is discussed. Filters with fibres of small diameter are shown to be the most efficient, but their use can cause problems. Electrically charged materials are widely used in respirators because of their high efficiency and low pressure drop. Types of material, their means of charging, and their method of action are described. An account is given of respirator leakage, the protection factor, and of the way that these may vary in a period of use. The leakage of air and particles through face seal leaks and leaky valves is discussed. The frequent discrepancy in the protection given by respirators in the workplace, on the one hand, and that suggested by laboratory measurements, on the other, is reviewed, and the article ends with an account of the combined effect of aerosol penetration through a filter and through a leak.     

Exploring the lay/expert divide: the attribution of responsibilities for coal ash pollution in Tuzla,Bosnia and Herzegovina

Invoking expert knowledge is a common strategy in attempts to settle environmental disputes. However, the validity of expertise is contingent upon the context in which an actor is recognised as an expert. In complex environmental conflicts the distinction between lay and expert knowledge is not always fixed a priori. However, as conflicts unfold, intervening parties tend to present their cases in ways that reinforce this distinction. This is apparent in the attribution of environmental responsibilities. This paper presents an empirical case of an environmental conflict related to land contamination due to coal ash disposal in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The analysis revealed two polar positions in the conflict: the first one, mainly held by scientists and industry representatives, invoked expert knowledge and presented a distributed approach to the attribution of responsibilities; the second one, mainly held by local residents and municipal officials, presented an experiential understanding of pollution, as lay knowledge, and attributed direct responsibilities to the local energy industry. The paper concludes that the persistence of the distinction between expert and lay knowledge is a manifestation of the social structures that underlie the conflict.     

1种抑制巷道信号NLOS的矿井RSSI高精度定位算法*

在RSSI（Received Signal Strength Indication）测距定位技术中,为抑制巷道信号NLOS（Non Line of Sight）传输对定位结果的影响,提出信号指纹定位和几何优化算法。在离线阶段利用高斯滤波最大值加权法和最小二乘法建立符合矿井巷道环境的无线信号测距模型,设计改进卡尔曼滤波器平滑处理离线信号值,抑制巷道信号NLOS传输带来的影响,建立离线信号指纹库;在线定位阶段,利用加权K最近邻法（WKNN）将定位目标接收到的信号值与指纹库中的信号值进行匹配,将匹配到的最优信号值参与测距定位计算,最后通过几何优化算法将定位结果归一化处理,使其符合一维定位分布。结果表明:所提算法的平均定位误差为0.9 m,相比于高斯滤波最大值加权法、经典卡尔曼滤波指纹定位算法和改进卡尔曼滤波指纹定位方法,其平均误差分别减小2.36,1.17,0.35 m。所提算法能够有效抑制巷道信号NLOS传输对RSSI测距定位的影响,可实现RSSI方法在矿井NLOS环境中的有效应用。     

Glass buildings on river banks as “polarized light traps” for mass-swarming polarotactic caddis flies

The caddis flies Hydropsyche pellucidula emerge at dusk from the river Danube and swarm around trees and bushes on the river bank. We document here that these aquatic insects can also be attracted en masse to the vertical glass surfaces of buildings on the river bank. The individuals lured to dark, vertical glass panes land, copulate, and remain on the glass for hours. Many of them are trapped by the partly open, tiltable windows. In laboratory choice experiments, we showed that ovipositing H. pellucidula are attracted to highly and horizontally polarized light stimulating their ventral eye region and, thus, have positive polarotaxis. In the field, we documented that highly polarizing vertical black glass surfaces are significantly more attractive to both female and male H. pellucidula than weakly polarizing white ones. Using video polarimetry, we measured the reflection-polarization characteristics of vertical glass surfaces of buildings where caddis flies swarmed. We propose that after its emergence from the river, H. pellucidula is attracted to buildings by their dark silhouettes and the glass-reflected, horizontally polarized light. After sunset, this attraction may be strengthened by positive phototaxis elicited by the buildings' lights. The novelty of this visual-ecological phenomenon is that the attraction of caddis flies to vertical glass surfaces has not been expected because vertical glass panes do not resemble the horizontal surface of waters from which these insects emerge and to which they must return to oviposit.