Exploring the lay/expert divide: the attribution of responsibilities for coal ash pollution in Tuzla,Bosnia and Herzegovina

Invoking expert knowledge is a common strategy in attempts to settle environmental disputes. However, the validity of expertise is contingent upon the context in which an actor is recognised as an expert. In complex environmental conflicts the distinction between lay and expert knowledge is not always fixed a priori. However, as conflicts unfold, intervening parties tend to present their cases in ways that reinforce this distinction. This is apparent in the attribution of environmental responsibilities. This paper presents an empirical case of an environmental conflict related to land contamination due to coal ash disposal in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The analysis revealed two polar positions in the conflict: the first one, mainly held by scientists and industry representatives, invoked expert knowledge and presented a distributed approach to the attribution of responsibilities; the second one, mainly held by local residents and municipal officials, presented an experiential understanding of pollution, as lay knowledge, and attributed direct responsibilities to the local energy industry. The paper concludes that the persistence of the distinction between expert and lay knowledge is a manifestation of the social structures that underlie the conflict.     

1种抑制巷道信号NLOS的矿井RSSI高精度定位算法*

在RSSI（Received Signal Strength Indication）测距定位技术中,为抑制巷道信号NLOS（Non Line of Sight）传输对定位结果的影响,提出信号指纹定位和几何优化算法。在离线阶段利用高斯滤波最大值加权法和最小二乘法建立符合矿井巷道环境的无线信号测距模型,设计改进卡尔曼滤波器平滑处理离线信号值,抑制巷道信号NLOS传输带来的影响,建立离线信号指纹库;在线定位阶段,利用加权K最近邻法（WKNN）将定位目标接收到的信号值与指纹库中的信号值进行匹配,将匹配到的最优信号值参与测距定位计算,最后通过几何优化算法将定位结果归一化处理,使其符合一维定位分布。结果表明:所提算法的平均定位误差为0.9 m,相比于高斯滤波最大值加权法、经典卡尔曼滤波指纹定位算法和改进卡尔曼滤波指纹定位方法,其平均误差分别减小2.36,1.17,0.35 m。所提算法能够有效抑制巷道信号NLOS传输对RSSI测距定位的影响,可实现RSSI方法在矿井NLOS环境中的有效应用。     

Glass buildings on river banks as “polarized light traps” for mass-swarming polarotactic caddis flies

The caddis flies Hydropsyche pellucidula emerge at dusk from the river Danube and swarm around trees and bushes on the river bank. We document here that these aquatic insects can also be attracted en masse to the vertical glass surfaces of buildings on the river bank. The individuals lured to dark, vertical glass panes land, copulate, and remain on the glass for hours. Many of them are trapped by the partly open, tiltable windows. In laboratory choice experiments, we showed that ovipositing H. pellucidula are attracted to highly and horizontally polarized light stimulating their ventral eye region and, thus, have positive polarotaxis. In the field, we documented that highly polarizing vertical black glass surfaces are significantly more attractive to both female and male H. pellucidula than weakly polarizing white ones. Using video polarimetry, we measured the reflection-polarization characteristics of vertical glass surfaces of buildings where caddis flies swarmed. We propose that after its emergence from the river, H. pellucidula is attracted to buildings by their dark silhouettes and the glass-reflected, horizontally polarized light. After sunset, this attraction may be strengthened by positive phototaxis elicited by the buildings' lights. The novelty of this visual-ecological phenomenon is that the attraction of caddis flies to vertical glass surfaces has not been expected because vertical glass panes do not resemble the horizontal surface of waters from which these insects emerge and to which they must return to oviposit.     

从粉煤灰中提取多种微细氧化物的研究

将粉煤灰与Na2CO3按一定的比例混合后焙烧,采用酸碱联合法提取粉煤灰中氧化硅、氧化铝和氧化铁,分析了工艺条件对粉煤灰中氧化物提取率的影响。实验结果表明,从粉煤灰中提取氧化物的最佳条件是:碳酸钠与粉煤灰的比例0.6∶1.0,焙烧温度850℃、盐酸浓度4 mol/L,氢氧化钠浓度2.6 mol/L,浸取时间约6 h。在此条件下得出微细氧化硅、氧化铝、氧化铁的晶体,其平均粒度分别为氧化硅1.107μm,氧化铝1.334μm,氧化铁0.783μm。     

滤床熟化周期及其主要影响因素的研究

阐述滤床熟化的概念及其形成机理,对影响熟化床层的因素进行了试验研究,结果表明进水浊度、混凝效果及洗砂量是影响熟化床层的主要因素。由于集成型给水处理设备的表面滤层一直处于熟化状态,而滤层水流方向的深处滤料始终处于清洁状态,砂滤器内始终保持一种动态的平衡关系,滤床运行在熟化后的有效过滤期,因而能够保证较高的出水水质。     

袋式除尘器节能降耗途径的探讨

阐述袋式除尘器的阻力组成,从除尘器结构,过滤速度及清灰制度三个方面分析了降低阻力的途径。     

从垃圾焚烧飞灰中回收金属研究进展

焚烧处理已成为我国大城市生活垃圾处理的主要方式之一,焚烧飞灰属于危险废物,其处理处置与利用已成为焚烧厂面临的主要问题。飞灰中含有大量的金属,如将其回收利用不仅可以缓解我国金属资源短缺的问题,而且可使飞灰由危险废物转化为惰性固体废物而加以利用。介绍从飞灰中回收金属国内外研究现状并分析了现有工艺存在的问题,建议采用水洗预处理结合酸碱两步浸取,辅之以溶剂选择萃取的方法从一次飞灰中选择性回收Pb、Cu和Zn。     

Solubility of ion and trace metals from stabilized sewage sludge by fly ash and alkaline mine tailing

Stabilized sewage sludge （SS） by fly ash （FA） and alkaline mine tailing as artificial soil, to be applied on the ecological rehabilitation at mining junkyards, offers a potentially viable utilization of the industrial by-product, as well as solves the shortage of soil resource in the mine area. An incubation experiment with different ratios of SS and FA was conducted to evaluate the solubility of ions and trace elements from stabilized sewage sludge. Results showed that fly ash offset a decrease in pH value of sewage sludge. The pH of （C） treatment （FA：SS = 1：1） was stable and tended to neutrality. The SO4^2- and Cl^- concentrations of the solution in the mixture were significantly decreased in the stabilized sewage sludge by alkaline fly ash and mine tailing, compared to the single SS treatment. Stabilized sewage sludge by FA weakened the nitrification of total nitrogen from SS when the proportion of FA in the mixture was more than 50%. The Cr, Ni, and Cu concentrations in the solution were gradually decreased and achieved a stable level after 22 days, for all treatments over the duration of the incubation. Moreover stabilized sewage sludge by fly ash and/or mine tailing notably decreased the trace metal solubility. The final Cr, Cu, and Ni concentrations in the solution for all mixtures of treatments were lower than 2.5, 15, and 50 μg/L, respectively.     

制药废水采用微生物絮凝剂和粉煤灰过滤预处理的初步试验研究

初步研究一种用于高浓度制药废水的预处理工艺方法。采用微生物絮凝剂和粉煤灰过滤相结合的预处理工艺,其综合的效果可以将高浓度制药废水中的COD去除80%,基本脱色澄清,且可以将对生化处理有抑制作用的抗生素效价予以降低。并初步讨论了该工艺在实际生产中的可行性。     

曝气生物滤池在炼油废水处理中的应用

介绍了曝气生物滤池的工艺原理和主要特点,以及在炼油厂废水处理中的应用,分析了曝气生物滤池的主要影响因素温度、pH值和碱度、水力负荷、溶解氧等。曝气生物滤池在废水处理中有较好的应用前景。