武汉市主要绿化树种滞尘效应研究

本实验对武汉市城区主干道主要绿化树种的滞尘效应与叶表面结构进行了研究。结果表明：（1）同一尘源条件下,不同树种的滞尘能力差异显著。乔木中悬铃木滞尘能力较高,可达6.9345 g/m²;小乔木中紫薇和紫叶李是滞尘能力较高的树种,滞尘能力分别为1.9543 g/m²和1.8790 g/m²;灌木中红花檵木和杜鹃等有较强的滞尘能力,分别可达4.0373 g/m²和3.8875 g/m²;（2）利用扫描电镜观察叶表面结构发现：叶表具毛被、褶皱、较深的不规则网格等特征的树种滞尘能力较高,叶表平滑或叶表网格结构规则且较浅时滞尘能力较低;（3）同一树种在不同的尘源条件下滞尘能力差异显著,空气中颗粒物浓度越高,滞尘能力也越大。以车流量近似模拟尘源条件表明,滞尘能力与车流量呈正相关。     

In-stand scenic beauty of variable retention harvests and mature forests in the U.S. Pacific Northwest: The effects of basal area, density, retention pattern and down wood

Tensions between amenity- and timber-based economies in the U.S. and Canadian Pacific Northwest motivated a study of scenic beauty inside mature forests and timber harvests. A diverse sample of regional forests, measures of forest structure, and large, representative samples of photographs and public judges were employed to measure scenic beauty inside un-harvested mature and old-growth forests, and timber harvests. The latter varied systematically in down wood levels and retention level and pattern. Scenic beauty tended to be optimized at a basal area of 110–155 m³/ha and/or 700–900 trees/ha. Older forests and those with larger trees were perceived to be more beautiful. In harvests, greater retention levels, less down wood, and dispersed rather than aggregated retention patterns contributed to aesthetic improvements. Green-tree retention harvests offer considerable potential gains in perceived scenic beauty compared to perceived very ugly clearcuts, particularly at higher retention levels. These gains are more reliable from dispersed retention patterns. The silvicultural parameters studied change strength in affecting scenic beauty with changes in retention level. These interactions are explored in relation to a range of scenic quality objectives as an aid to planners, visual impact analysts, and silviculturists.     

Assessment of groundwater contamination by nitrate leaching from intensive vegetable cultivation using geographical information system

This study employed the Geographical Information System (GIS) technology to investigate nitrate contamination of groundwater by agrochemical fertilizers in the Kakamigahara Heights, Gifu Prefecture, central Japan. Thematic information and chemical data of groundwater from the Heights were analyzed in a GIS environment to study the extent and variation of nitrate contamination and to establish spatial relationships with responsible land use types. The high and correlated concentrations of Ca(2+), Mg(2+), SO(4)(2-), and NO(3)(-) reflected the polluted nature of the unconfined highly permeable Kakamigahara aquifer. Ninety percent of the water samples showed nitrate concentrations above the human affected value (3 mg/l NO(3)(-)), while more than 30% have exceeded the maximum acceptable level (44 mg/l NO(3)(-)) according to Japan regulations. The spatial analyses indicated that groundwater contamination by nitrate is closely associated with one specific land use class, the "vegetable fields". The nitrate concentration of groundwater under vegetable fields was significantly higher than that under urban land or paddy fields. Most of the unacceptable nitrate levels were encountered in boreholes assigned to "vegetable fields" but a few were also found in boreholes allotted to "urban" class. Therefore, the vegetable fields were considered the principal source of nitrate contamination of groundwater in the Kakamigahara. However, contamination from urban sources is also possible.     

颗粒层过滤技术国内外研究现状及进展

主要对颗粒层过滤除尘的过滤机理以及国内外移动床颗粒过滤器的高温除尘技术情况进行了综述,介绍了颗粒层过滤效率和系统压力降的计算方法,并对今后颗粒层过滤技术的发展提出了一些建议.     

扁袋除尘器在木工车间通风除尘中的应用

介绍了模块式扁袋除尘器的工作原理及技术特点.通过某木工制造厂木工车间通风除尘工程应用实践,证明该除尘器能满足木工车间通风除尘、劳动保护和环境保护的需要,并能取得良好的治理效果.     

烟尘监测时采样滤筒的质量控制

介绍了合格滤筒的筛选方法和采样滤筒在实验室分析中的质量控制,分析了影响滤筒称量恒重的原因,指出空气湿度、冷却时间和烘干时间对滤筒称量恒重都有影响.     

污泥龄对A/A/O工艺反硝化除磷的影响

以实际生活污水培养驯化污泥的小试规模A/A/O工艺为研究对象,进行了污泥龄（SRT）为8、10、12和15 d时对反硝化除磷的影响研究.结果表明,随着污泥龄的延长,反硝化除磷对系统除磷所起的作用越大,反硝化聚磷菌缺氧利用单位PHAs的反硝化数量和吸磷量也迅速增加,聚磷菌好氧利用单位PHAs的吸磷量并没有受到影响,以SRT为12 d时反硝化除磷和系统脱氮除磷效果为最好.结果还表明,去除单位氮所需COD数量随污泥龄的延长呈减少趋势,而去除单位磷所需COD数量呈增大趋势.对于我国典型的城市污水而言,SRT为12 d和15 d时去除单位氮和磷所需的外碳源数量较8 d时要低,从而使反硝化除磷作用可真正地达到节省碳源和能源的目的.     

上海市地表灰尘中PAHs季节变化与功能区差异

研究了上海市中心城区地表灰尘中多环芳烃（PAHs）的季节变化与功能区差异,并探讨了这种变化特征的原因.结果表明,上海市中心城区地表灰尘中PAHs累积水平具有显著的季节变化,PAHs总量和组分均表现出冬季含量高于夏季的特征.冬季样品中PAHs含量为9 176～32?573 ng·g^-1,平均值为20 648 ng·g^-1;而夏季PAHs含量为6?875～27?766 ng·g^-1,平均值仅为14?098 ng·g^-1.PAHs组分也表现出相似特征,冬季含量为50(二氢苊)～3 162 ng·g^-1 (茚并［1,2,3-c,d ］芘),夏季含量为3(苊)～1 485 ng·g^-1 (茚并［1,2,3-c,d ］芘).各个功能区地表灰尘PAHs含量的差异明显.冬季最高值出现在工业区（31 163 ng·g^-1）、商业区（24 932 ng·g^-1）和交通要道（18 815 ng·g^-1）,最低值出现在公园（7 885 ng·g^-1）和绿地（8 036 ng·g^-1）;夏季最低值出现在公园（7 942 ng·g^-1）,最高值出现在交通要道（14 528 ng·g^-1）、工业区（14 247 ng·g^-1）和商业区（11 523 ng·g^-1）.所有功能区样品中PAHs组分含量呈现出按环数或分子量的增加而逐渐升高的趋势.大城市地表灰尘中PAHs的季节变化与功能区差异与其来源密切相关,也受到各组分理化性质的影响.     

坡面林地土壤水分特征函数空间变异性初探

土壤水分特征函数空间异质性是定量研究土壤非饱和带水分运动以及溶质运移的先决条件. 以坡面机械布点采样、压力膜仪测定土壤水分特征曲线,并以Van-Genuchten模型拟合曲线后,用传统的统计方法与地统计方法,分析了密云水库流域周边人工油松林坡面土壤水分特征函数空间异质性. 结果表明:①不同土壤层各级压力下土壤含水量变异系数(C_v)呈中等变异性,C_v为10%～25%,土壤有效饱和度越低,变异性C_v越大,计算合理取样数目越大. ②模型参数θ_s为中等变异,C_v为17.77%～18.12%,服从正态分布;参数α为强变异性,C_v为70.65%～120.91%;参数n为弱变异性,C_v为5.29%～7.09%. ③各土壤层参数θ_s和α均具有空间变异结构,除20～40 cm层参数α符合指数模型外,其余层参数均符合球状模型,参数θ_s和α变程(A)分别约为66～69及21～69 m;参数n仅在20～40 cm土壤层显示空间变异结构,符合球状模型,变程(A)约为18 m;整体上该林地土壤0～20和20～40 cm层参数多以结构性变异为主,40～60 cm层参数的块金效应渐显增大. 最后采用Kriging插值方法分别对各参数进行了预测.      

双极荷电静电除尘器收集高比电阻微尘的实验

根据粉尘层反电晕现象分析,提出在接地收尘极板上布置芒刺反电晕放电极的双极电晕静电除尘器,这种双极电晕静电除尘器能避免粉尘层的反电晕。在平均场强约3.4kV/cm时,采用粒子图像测速仪(PIV)测得电场内正、负离子风的核心区风速约2m/s。实验表明,离子风对收集微细粉尘有很好的促进作用。在常温常压下,平均场强为3.4kV/cm、气流速度在0.5～2.0m/s的范围内,对质量中位径为0.159μm、比电阻为2.4×1014Ω.cm的硅微粉的电除尘效率测定结果表明,双极荷电静电除尘器的除尘效率高于单极荷电静电除尘器。观察发现,由于接地芒刺的存在,即使对于比电阻高达2.4×1014Ω.cm的硅微粉,沉积在双极荷电静电除尘器收尘极板上的粉饼没有出现反电晕。