辽阳市水泥产业环境污染防治对策分析

分析了辽阳市水泥产业发展现状,提出辽阳水泥产业存在污染严重、破坏生态、工艺落后等问题,结合现实,提出调整结构、制订政策、加强监管、依靠科技等环境污染防治对策。     

陶瓷管表面NaHCO3粉体干法脱硫研究

探讨Na HCO3的加热分解特性并将其负载于陶瓷管表面进行了脱硫实验研究,发现Na HCO3在合理的灼烧温度下将在热分解为Na2CO3的过程中形成多孔结构,可在没有液相水存在的情况下成功实现SO2去除,灼烧温度过高则发生颗粒烧结从而降低脱硫效果;进口气流SO2浓度150 ppm的情况下,陶瓷管表面厚度仅仅50μm的Na HCO3粉体可以在20~40 min内将出口气流中的SO2限制在17.5 ppm(50 mg/m^3)的超净排放限值以下。Na HCO3作为干法脱硫剂可在不明显提高烟气湿度和降低其温度的条件下成功实现脱硫,结合陶瓷过滤管的除尘作用,有望实现烟气的深度除尘和脱硫操作的一体化。     

Effect of flame propagation regime on pressure evolution of nano and micron PMMA dust explosions

Experiments using an open space dust explosion apparatus and a standard 20 L explosion apparatus on nano and micron polymethyl methacrylate dust explosions were conducted to reveal the differences in flame and pressure evolutions. Then the effect of combustion and flame propagation regimes on the explosion overpressure characteristics was discussed. The results showed that the flame propagation behavior, flame temperature distribution and ion current distribution all demonstrated the different flame structures for nano and micron dust explosions. The combustion and flame propagation of 100 nm and 30 μm PMMA dust clouds were mainly controlled by the heat transfer efficiency between the particles and external heat sources. Compared with the cluster diffusion dominant combustion of 30 μm dust flame, the premixed-gas dominant combustion of 100 nm dust flame determined a quicker pyrolysis and combustion reaction rate, a faster flame propagation velocity, a stronger combustion reaction intensity, a quicker heat release rate and a higher amount of released reaction heat, which resulted in an earlier pressure rise, a larger maximum overpressure and a higher explosion hazard class. The complex combustion and propagation regime of agglomerated particles strongly influenced the nano flame propagation and explosion pressure evolution characteristics, and limited the maximum overpressure.     

Using soybean isoflavone to prevent hydrogen production reaction of aluminium dust and water in wet dust removal systems

Using a dry dust removal system used for aluminium dust collection presents a dust explosion risk, whereas a wet dust removal system presents a risk of hydrogen fire and explosion. Neither system can attain a sufficient level of safety for use at aluminium processing sites. In this paper, soybean isoflavone, a non-toxic and environmentally sustainable flavonoid, was investigated to inhibit hydrogen production from aluminium dust and water. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize aluminium particles before and after the reaction. Soybean isoflavone was found to inhibit hydrogen production from aluminium dust and water. At a soybean isoflavone solution concentration of 2.1 g L⁻¹, a dense protective film resulting from chemical adsorption on the surfaces of the aluminium particles isolated the aluminium particles from water molecules. This film blocked the reaction pathway between the aluminium particles and water to suppress hydrogen generation. This fundamental study addresses the problems of hydrogen fires and explosions in wet dust removal systems for aluminium dust collection and provides a novel, safe and effective method for aluminium dust removal.     

Applications of dust explosion hazard and disaster prevention technology

Powdered materials are widely used in industrial processes, chemical processing, and nanoscience. Because most flammable powders and chemicals are not pure substances, their flammability and self-heating characteristics cannot be accurately identified using safety data sheets. Therefore, site staff can easily underestimate the risks they pose. Flammable dust accidents are frequent and force industrial process managers to pay attention to the characteristics of flammable powders and create inherently safer designs.This study verified that although the flammable powders used by petrochemical plants have been tested, some powders have different minimum ignition energies (MIEs) before and after drying, whereas some of the powders are released of flammable gases. These hazard characteristics are usually neglected, leading to the neglect of preventive parameters for fires and explosions, such as dust particle size specified by NFPA-654, MIE, the minimum ignition temperature of the dust cloud, the minimum ignition temperature of the dust layer, and limiting oxygen concentration. Unless these parameters are fully integrated into process hazard analysis and process safety management, the risks cannot be fully identified, and the reliability of process hazard analysis cannot be improved to facilitate the development of appropriate countermeasures. Preventing the underestimation of process risk severity due to the fire and explosion parameters of unknown flammable dusts and overestimation of existing safety measures is crucial for effective accident prevention.     

基于Factsage的金属硫化矿尘爆炸过程产物分析*

为研究金属硫化矿尘爆炸的过程与产物,预防与控制其粉尘发生爆炸,在20 L爆炸球中开展金属硫化矿尘爆炸试验,发现存在磁黄铁矿含量越高爆炸产物颜色越红的现象。为揭示这一现象的本质,应用XRD对爆炸产物进行分析,基于Factsage软件模拟计算黄铁矿矿尘与磁黄铁矿矿尘爆炸过程。结果表明:产物中含有的Fe2O3是主要致色原因;最终产物除固体Fe2O3外还存在气体SO2,SO3,反应中间过程主要固体产物为Fe2(SO4)3;在磁黄铁矿与黄铁矿含硫量相同或质量相同时,Fe2O3的生成量磁黄铁矿较黄铁矿多,且磁黄铁矿含硫量越多Fe2O3生成量越多,模拟计算结果与试验现象一致,研究结果可为分析金属硫化矿尘爆炸过程提供理论与数据支撑。     

城市道路积尘PM 2.5碳组分春秋季节差异分析

为了解城市道路积尘PM 2.5中碳组分春秋季节差异,利用样方法采集石家庄市4种不同类型道路积尘PM 2.5样品,测定有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)浓度并分析。结果表明:OC,EC在积尘PM 2.5中平均浓度春季为86.77,12.11 mg/g,秋季为119.70,9.44 mg/g,秋季OC浓度大于春季,EC相反;OC/EC为6.4~7.9(春季)和11.36~17.49(秋季),存在严重的二次污染,秋季明显高于春季。与国内不同地区对比发现,石家庄市道路积尘中碳质颗粒物污染严重。主成分分析发现春季积尘中的碳主要来自于汽油车与柴油车尾气排放、道路降尘的沉积,而秋季则增加了生物质燃烧、燃煤排放的影响。     

湿法烟气脱硫对工业粉尘的协同脱除

通过对燃煤锅炉、烧结机和催化裂化炉排放工业烟气的湿法脱硫装置进出口粉尘特性的测试分析,从粉尘的粒径分布、疏水性以及吸收塔的内部结构研究湿法脱硫对3种工业烟气粉尘的协同脱除效果。结果表明,湿法脱硫具有粉尘的协同脱除作用,燃煤锅炉可以通过高效的湿法脱硫协同达到超低排放;而烧结烟气的粉尘疏水性高于燃煤粉尘,脱除效率一般,需要采用更复杂的吸收塔结构;催化裂化的粉尘由于细颗粒物占比更大,颗粒物的脱除效果比燃煤粉尘效果略差。     

我国作业场所粉尘职业危害现状与对策分析

为进一步解决我国作业场所粉尘职业危害问题,保障劳动者的职业健康,践行《健康中国2030》国家战略,本文采用资料分析、问卷调查、政策研究、专家咨询等方法,分析与梳理了我国作业场所的粉尘职业危害现状、尘肺病发病的主要特征、粉尘防控存在的突出问题。基于分析与研究,提出加大防尘技术支撑机构建设力度、加强粉尘防治重点科技攻关、提高粉尘防治信息化水平以及职业健康人才队伍建设等粉尘危害防控对策与措施。