水稻专用叶面营养液对水稻生长及其主要生理特性的影响

通过田间小区试验及大田示范的对比,研究了专用叶面营养液的适宜喷期及其对水稻的生理特性：根系活力、养分吸收、叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率等和产量的影响.研究结果表明：适宜喷期在植后7-10天,并喷施1次,效果最好.专用叶面营养液使水稻根系活力在分蘖盛期、灌浆期明显提高;显著提高分蘖盛期叶片及灌浆期剑叶的叶绿素含量,促进剑叶提高光合速率及水稻对N、P、K营养的吸收;增加水稻灌浆期剑叶蛋白质含量.水稻喷施叶面营养液在生理上发生显著变化,促进分蘖增加,有效穗增加,稻秆矮壮,通过增加水稻灌浆期叶片的光合能力而加速碳水化合物向穗部的输送,达到增加千粒重及产量的目的.     

Rain‐washing of mimic®, RH‐5992, from balsam fir foliage following application of two formulations

Abstract

Two formulation concentrates of the insecticide, RH‐5992 [N'‐t‐butyl‐N'‐(3,5‐dimethylbenzoyl)‐N‐(4‐ethylbenzoyI) hydrazine], an aqueous flowable (2F) and an emulsion‐suspension (ES), were diluted with water to provide spray mixes containing dosage rates ranging from 35 to 150 g of the active ingredient (AI)/ha. The mixes were sprayed in a laboratory chamber, onto balsam fir branch tips collected from field trees and greenhouse‐grown seedlings. Droplet spectra and spray mass recovery were determined on artificial samplers. Simulated rainfall of two different intensities was applied at different rain‐free periods, and rain droplet sizes were determined. Foliar washoff of RH‐5992 was assessed after application of different amounts of rain, and the increase in soil residues was evaluated.

A direct relationship was indicated between the amount of rainfall and RH‐5992 washoff. The larger the rain droplet size, the greater the amount washed off. Longer rain‐free periods made the deposits more resistant to rain. Regardless of the amount of rainfall, rain droplet size and rain‐free period, foliar deposits of the 2F formulation were washed off to a greater extent than the ES formulation. The increase in soil residues due to foliar washoff was greater for the 2F than for the ES formulation. The deposits of the emulsion‐suspension were consistently more resistant to rain‐washing than those of the aqueous flowable formulation.     

叶施L-半胱氨酸对水稻镉和矿质元素含量的影响

为评估将L-半胱氨酸（L-Cys）作为水稻降Cd叶面调理剂的可行性,通过湖南的田间试验,采用小区试验法研究了L-Cys对水稻籽粒中Cd和矿质元素含量的影响,并通过检测水稻各营养器官的Cd分布和Cd赋存形态的变化,探究了L-Cys调控水稻籽粒Cd积累的作用机制.结果表明,在开花期叶面喷施一次L-Cys即可使水稻籽粒Cd含量显著降低,同时提高其Mg和K的含量,对Ca、Mn和Zn的含量无显著影响.L-Cys的降Cd效果随喷施浓度增加而增强,当浓度为10 mmol·L^-1时,籽粒中Cd含量降至我国食品安全标准0.2 mg·kg^-1以内,降幅达59.2%,同时显著降低了水稻营养器官穗轴、第一节、穗颈、旗叶、第二节间、第二节、第二叶、基部茎叶和根中的Cd含量,降幅分别为58.3%、56.0%、62.7%、67.0%、59.3%、61.5%、60.2%、54.9%和50.3%.水稻不同部位间的Cd转移因子显示,第一节是水稻营养体拦截有害元素Cd的关键器官.叶面喷施L-Cys提高了Cd从旗叶到第一节和第二节间到第一节的转移因子,增幅最高达105.4%和45.8%,并抑制了Cd从第一节继续向上到穗颈的转运,降幅最高达27.5%.在水稻第一节中,L-Cys处理同时降低了无机态、水溶态和残渣态Cd的含量,并提高了其中残渣态Cd的比例至94.4%.由此可见,叶面喷施L-Cys能够降低水稻各营养器官Cd积累量,并促进水稻中Cd向第一节的转运及其对Cd的固定作用,进而提高关键器官第一节对Cd的拦截能力,最终显著抑制Cd向籽粒中的转运积累,同时,叶面喷施L-Cys不降低水稻籽粒中矿质营养元素的含量,具有较好的应用前景.     

北京城区公园及其邻近道路国槐叶面尘分布与重金属污染特征

叶面尘可以反映一段时间、一定区域内空气颗粒物的污染状况.为了探究城市公园环境和道路环境的空气颗粒物污染差异,同时采集了北京市12座公园及邻近道路的国槐(Sophora japonica)叶面尘,对比分析其滞尘量、粒径分布、重金属含量的差异,并探讨了重金属的可能来源,结果表明:行道树国槐滞尘量显著高于公园国槐(p =0.041),但后者富集了更多粒径范围在2～ 20 μm之间的颗粒物.叶面尘中的重金属污染程度表现为Cu ＞Pb ＞Zn ＞Cr＞ Ni＞ Mn,其中,Cu、Pb和Zn达到中度污染水平,公园国槐叶面尘重金属元素的含量一般高于行道树国槐.公园国槐叶面尘重金属主要来源于交通排放,其次来自土壤母质,小部分来自工业排放和化石燃料燃烧排放等;行道树国槐叶面尘重金属最重要的来源是交通排放,其次是非特定源(工业排放、化石燃料燃烧排放、地面灰尘的二次扬尘及土壤母质等).本文的研究结果表明,严格控制交通排放是缓解北京城市灰尘污染的重要途径.     

钝化剂与肥料对油菜和孔雀草间作体系的影响

通过盆栽实验,采用镉(Cd)低积累油菜单作和低积累油菜-超富集植物孔雀草间作两种种植模式,设置施用巯基坡缕石和硫酸钾以及叶面喷施硫酸锰的调控处理,研究不同处理对单作和间作模式下植物生长与Cd累积以及土壤Cd形态的影响.结果表明:施用巯基坡缕石可显著降低油菜和孔雀草地上部Cd含量、油菜Cd累积量、Cd提取率以及土壤有效态...     

喷雾预处理＋二级吸收法处理酸洗废气中NOx

尝试对酸洗废气中NOx处理工艺进行改进研究,提出了喷雾预处理＋二级吸收法工艺,从工艺流程、工艺原理、试验结果等方面阐述了该工艺的可行性。本研究可为酸洗废气中NOx处理提供参考。     

法国梧桐叶片氮含量及氮同位素对城市大气湿沉降氮的响应研究

通过对贵阳市法国梧桐叶片为期1 a的监测(2009-03～2010-04),分析其叶片氮含量及氮同位素组成随季节变化的规律,并与同期湿沉降监测结果进行对比,探讨维管束植物叶片响应大气湿沉降氮的可能性.结果表明,法国梧桐叶片N%变化范围为1.48%～5.27%,均值为3.36%,根际土TN%为0.29%,叶片δ15N变化范围为4.48‰～8.39‰,均值为6.38‰.叶片N%与δ15N具有较好的相关性,随时间变化皆呈现春夏较高、秋季降低的趋势,冬季落叶,无监测数据.结合该采样点同期雨水监测数据,发现叶片N%与雨水中DIN浓度(0.57～6.74 mg.L-1)、叶片δ15N与雨水δ15NH4+-N呈现一致的变化规律,表明湿沉降氮是叶片吸收氮的一个重要来源,法国梧桐叶片指示大气N沉降量的变化成为可能.研究还发现法国梧桐叶片δ15N比其吸收氮的2个主要端元(根际土δ15TN:3.19‰±1.04‰,雨水δ15N-NH4+:-19.76‰～-10.41‰)都偏正,表明法国梧桐在吸收氮的过程中存在着较大的同位素分馏.     

DDT residues in water, sediment, domestic and indigenous biota from a currently DDT-sprayed area

DDT is used for indoor residual spraying (IRS) in Limpopo Province, northern South Africa to control malaria. Through IRS, DDT may reach the outdoor environment via dust and air and from possible spillages during application. In this area the local people consume domestic chickens, wild fish or birds. Fish from the river catchment and impoundments seem to be the major source of protein intake. Water, sediment and tissue samples from two such fish species, domestic chickens and wild birds (terrestrial and aquatic) from this DDT-sprayed area were analysed for DDT and metabolite residues. The samples contained p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD and p,p′-DDE residues, with the latter the most ubiquitous and in the highest concentrations. These findings raise concern that both water and food may be major routes of human exposure to DDT and metabolites, thereby posing possible adverse human health implications to the local communities.     

Validation of the stomatal flux approach for the assessment of ozone visible injury in young forest trees. Results from the TOP (transboundary ozone pollution) experiment at Curno, Italy

This paper summarises some of the main results of a two-year experiment carried out in an Open-Top Chambers facility in Northern Italy. Seedlings of Populus nigra, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur and Fraxinus excelsior have been subjected to different ozone treatments (charcoal-filtered and non-filtered air) and soil moisture regimes (irrigated and non-irrigated plots). Stomatal conductance models were applied and parameterised under South Alpine environmental conditions and stomatal ozone fluxes have been calculated.The flux-based approach provided a better performance than AOT40 in predicting the onset of foliar visible injuries. Critical flux levels, related to visible leaf injury, are proposed for P. nigra and F. sylvatica (ranging between 30 and 33 mmol O₃ m⁻²). Soil water stress delayed visible injury appearance and development by limiting ozone uptake. Data from charcoal-filtered treatments suggest the existence of an hourly flux threshold, below which may occur a complete ozone detoxification.     

A simple empirical model to predict forest insecticide ground-level deposition from a compendium of field data

Deposit data from 205 aerial forest insecticide applications conducted in field trials by the Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre over a 15-year period are summarized. Deposit measurements were taken under “worst case” scenarios in the sense that direct applications were made over water bodies, and ground samplers were intentionally placed in open or cleared areas of forest. The median % deposit on shoreline collectors (32 separate applications) was 5.7%, on mid-stream collectors (44 separate applications) was 6.2%, and on forest floor collectors (129 separate applications) was 4.9%. Forest floor deposit was most closely associated with application rate and droplet size (r = 0.624, p < 0.001 and r = 0.662, p = 0.011, respectively) but these variables combined only explained 44% of the variation in deposit. Data from all three collector types were grouped by 10% deposit increments and combined to provide a data set from all deposition scenarios. A negative exponential model was fitted to the proportion of these combined sites regressed on % deposit in 10% increments and plotted as a deposit probability distribution curve (p < 0.001, r² = 0.992). The probability distribution curve indicated that 5–10% deposit would be expected about 57–91% of the time, whereas 50% deposit or greater would be expected about 2% of the time or less. In a probabilistic risk assessment for aerially applied insecticides in a conifer-dominated forest environment, the probability distribution curve based on empirical data presented here can be used to refine the characterization of exposure scenarios from which effects estimates can be derived.