Pyrethroid use-malaria control and individual applications by households for other pests and home garden use

Presence of pyrethroid insecticides in human breast milk and in thatch wall material of dwellings from Southern Africa subtropical area (Manhiça, Mozambique) was investigated to assess potential pyrethroid route of human exposure. Human breast milk samples were collected during 2002 when pyrethroids were widely used as insecticides for mosquito bed nets in Mozambique for malaria control. The median concentration value of total pyrethroids ranged between 87 and 1200 ng/g lw, with λ-cyhalothrin being the most predominant pyrethroid in human breast milk contributing for 35% of the total amount. Moreover, and for the first time, an isomer-specific enrichment was found in human breast milk, showing a selective isomeric accumulation or metabolism in the human body. Based on the calculated pyrethroid concentrations in human breast milk, the daily ingestion rate of pyrethroid was estimated. The nursing infant dietary intake ranged from 0.67 to 9.0 μg (kg of body weight)^− 1 day^− 1. In addition, thatch materials collected after the reintegration of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethene (DDT) as insecticide residual spraying (IRS) in Mozambique, showed the presence of pyrethroids with concentration values ranging between 6.9 and 700 ng/g dw. In thatch material as well as in human breast milk, pyrethroid contamination was mainly attributed to the agriculture usage of this insecticide knowing that agriculture represent the 80% of the economy in Mozambique. However, a possible usage of this insecticide as IRS in Mozambique cannot be excluded despite their low efficiency for malaria control. The continued use of these compounds (both for agriculture and malaria prevention) and the ingestion rates calculated from the breast milk concentrations indicate that these insecticides cannot be overlooked for the assessment of the lactation risks of breastfeeding infants from the Manhiça region.     

Persistence and Distribution of Endosulfan under Field Condition

Rapid increase in industrialization and agricultural activities to meet the population need has led to environmental pollution. The major revolution in agricultural production is mainly due to increased use of pesticides and fertilizers. Soil act as a major sink for majority of pesticides applied on agricultural crops. Among the organochlorines, endosulfan is the most commonly used pesticide, hence this study concentrates on the persistence and distribution behaviour of endosulfan under field conditions. The result showed that the alpha endosulfan concentrations were very minimum (0.98 mg/kg of soil) in all the four fields under study (Nazarath, Othikadu, Ekkadu and Ekkadukandigai of Thiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu). Where as beta endosulfan concentration at the time of application was 6.39 mg/kg and declined to 0.8 mg/kg on soil at 150th day. The endosulfan sulfate concentration was 11.8 mg/kg in soil at 15th day and then concentration declined to 2.2 mg/kg at 150th day. Field run-off samples showed maximum residue levels (0.024 mg/l) at the early irrigation period. While plant foliar parts showed maximum concentrations of α-endosulfan (43.4 mg/kg), β-endosulfan (40.6 mg/kg) and endosulfan sulfate (20.1 mg/kg). At harvest stage, rice grain and husk also had lower concentrations of endosulfan sulfate (2.2 and 0.09 mg/kg), respectively.     

经济快速发展区域的城市植被叶面降尘粒径和重金属特征

以广东惠州和广州海珠区为例,用粒径分析仪和ICP-AES测定了城市不同功能区植被叶面降尘的粒径和重金属特征.结果表明,两地降尘粒径为对称分布,粒径均小于1 mm,60%粒径小于100μm.居住区、清洁区降尘颗粒小于商业交通区、工业区.降尘重金属,尤其Cd、Pb污染严重,惠州和广州降尘含量分别为Cd:6.8～12.8 mg·kg-1,8.8～13.0mg·kg-1;Pb:434～512mg·kg-1,584～1182 mg·kg-1.不同功能区重金属含量差异显著,污染水平递减顺序为:工业区、商业交通区、居住区、清洁对照区.降尘中重金属元素富集因子为18～746,反映其主要源于工业污染、交通排放、建筑物腐蚀剥落等人为源.叶面降尘与路尘以及叶面降尘之间大部分重金属显著相关,表明降尘和路尘重金属均来自外源输入.     

温度对喷氨同时脱碳脱硫率影响的试验研究

利用氨气加水蒸汽喷射方法脱除燃煤锅炉模拟烟气中的CO2和SO2气体,烟气中CO2和SO2气体的体积分数分别为12％和0．25％．设定水蒸气温度50℃恒定,以确保反应器中水蒸汽的含湿量较低,其化学反应温度在25℃～95℃之间变化,同时喷入氨气与水蒸气的混合气体,其脱碳脱硫率随反应时间的变化表明：反应温度为55℃～60℃时,CO2和SO2的最大脱除率分别达到70％和95％．对化学反应产物进行FTIR试验,表明其反应产物主要是碳酸铵盐和硫酸铵盐的混合物．配合BET解吸试验,结果表明：在低含湿量条件下,采用喷氨方法,脱除电厂烟气中的CO2和SO2气体过程中,CO2气体除了被氨吸收发生化学反应,生成(NH4)2SO4和NH4HCO3晶体外,还被吸附在(NH4)2SO4和NH4HCO3晶体的空隙里．     

四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤动物对几种典型凋落物分解的影响

亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤动物对植物生长不同关键时期凋落物分解的贡献可能具有显著差异,但一直缺乏必要关注。以四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林典型人工林树种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei),次生林树种香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)和麻栎(Quercus acutissima)凋落物为研究对象,采用凋落物分解袋试验,根据植物叶片物候规律在非生长季节(秋末落叶期、萌动期和展叶期)和生长季节(叶片成熟期、盛叶期和叶衰期)不同关键时期动态研究土壤动物对凋落物失重率的影响。土壤动物对4种典型物种凋落物分解均表现出明显贡献,其作用的凋落物失重率分别为：17.78%(麻栎)>14.23%(柳杉)>9.61%(香樟)>8.21%(马尾松)。相对于其他时期,四个树种的土壤动物贡献率均在秋末落叶期最小,除马尾松在叶衰期土壤动物贡献率最大以外,其余3个物种均在盛叶期土壤动物的贡献率最大,且土壤动物对阔叶分解的贡献率大于针叶。相关分析表明,除温度显著影响各关键时期土壤动物对凋落物的贡献外,整个第一年土壤动物作用的凋落物失重率及贡献率与纤维素含量和C/N显著相关,但在非生长季节主要与N含量、C/N和木质素/纤维素密切相关,而生长季节主要相关于木质素/N。这些结果为深入理解亚热带常绿阔叶林物质循环及其与植物生长过程的关系提供了一定的基础数据。     

共存碱金属离子在火焰发射分析中的干扰及消除

研究了采用火焰发射法测定K、Na、Ca、Mg,通过调节火焰状态和适量加入某些盐类来消除碱金属离子存在的干扰,使实测样品获得满意的结果。K、Na、Ca、Mg的方法检出限分别为0．005mg/L、0.01mg/L、0.10mg/L、0.01mg/L;样品回收率分别为93％、106％、84％、112％。     

热喷涂铝涂层与玻璃结合机理的研究

通过改进预处理工艺,解决了采用热喷涂工艺在玻璃上沉积金属的难题,并通过系统的试验,研究玻璃表面预处理工艺、预处理温度及喷涂工艺对涂层结合强度的影响,观察玻璃试样横断面的微观组织,探讨了热喷涂铝涂层与玻璃基材结合机理。     

淮南市不同功能区叶面尘和地表灰尘中重金属分布特征、来源及健康风险评价

以淮南市叶面尘及对应地表灰尘为研究对象,采集了6个不同功能区的石楠叶面尘和相应地表灰尘,研究了Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、As、Ni、V的分布特征及其来源,并采用美国EPA人体暴露风险评价模型,对不同功能区、不同暴露途径的儿童重金属致癌和非致癌健康风险进行评估.结果表明:淮南市叶面尘中重金属含量显著高于地表灰尘,叶面尘主要污染元素为Zn、Pb、Cu、As、Ni,地表灰尘中主要污染元素为Cu、Zn、Pb.不同功能区重金属来源存在差异,商业交通区、经济开发区和煤炭运输区,交通排放是其主要来源,文教区、公园绿地、居住区来源较为复杂,除来自于交通排放,还可能来自于工业排放、燃煤燃烧、炊事活动和公共设施的磨损.叶面尘和地表灰尘中Ni、As、Cr的致癌风险均小于安全阈值,地表灰尘中非致癌总风险为0.58,叶面尘为1.36,超出了安全阈值1.0,已经对儿童健康构成危害,手-口摄入是主要暴露途径;各功能区叶面尘重金属非致癌风险除煤炭运输区外,均大于1.0,排序为:文教区公园绿地居住区经济开发区商业交通区煤炭运输区,地表灰尘均小于1.0,排序为:公园绿地经济开发区文教区商业交通区煤炭运输区居住区.叶面尘中重金属的非致癌风险排序为:AsPbCrVNiCuZn,地表灰尘为:AsCrPbVCuNiZn.     

施硒肥方式对强筋小麦产量、硒累积分配及籽粒营养品质的影响

采用二因素裂区设计,设置8个处理,研究有机富硒肥施硒量与施硒方式对强筋小麦生长、产量、硒在小麦不同器官中富集状况以及籽粒营养品质的影响.结果显示:与不施有机富硒肥比较,播种前土施有机富硒肥使强筋小麦总生物量、籽粒产量、各器官(根、茎+叶、颖壳+穗轴、籽粒)干物质量分别提高1.0％-14.7％、2.4％-42.4％、1....     

叶面喷施铈硅复合溶胶抑制生菜砷积累效应研究

采用水热合成法,利用正硅酸乙酯和硝酸铈分别制备了二氧化硅和二氧化铈溶胶。通过土培盆栽试验,在广东省汕头市莲花山钨矿区砷污染土壤上种植意大利生菜,研究了叶面喷施不同浓度二氧化硅、二氧化铈以及不同掺杂比的铈硅复合溶胶对生菜地上部生物量、叶绿素含量、砷含量以及生菜地上部砷积累量的影响。结果表明：叶面喷施不同浓度铈、硅溶胶及不同掺杂比的铈硅复合溶胶均可以缓解生菜砷毒害,表现为生菜的地上部鲜重升高了9%～58.8%,砷含量降低了23%～48%。叶面喷施低浓度的二氧化铈掺杂5mmol·L-1二氧化硅复合溶胶可以增加生菜叶片叶绿素含量,进一步提高二氧化硅缓解生菜砷毒害效果。其中以叶面喷施5mmol·L-12%铈掺杂二氧化硅复合溶胶生菜地上部鲜重最高为对照的1.6倍;砷含量最低为对照的51.4%。叶面喷施铈、硅复合溶胶不仅可以降低生菜可食用部位砷浓度,而且可以减少生菜地上部吸收积累砷总量,从而降低了砷通过食物链对人体健康的危害。与传统土壤施用硅肥相比,叶面施用硅溶胶具有经济高效的优点,为土壤砷污染控制提供了一种新的选择。