磷酸酯酶活性对餐厨垃圾单相厌氧消化抑制的预警作用

为了研究磷酸酯酶活性对餐厨垃圾单相厌氧消化抑制的预警作用,考察了单相CSTR反应器在容积负荷2.0~8.5kgVS/(m3·d)条件下的酸性和碱性磷酸酯酶活性,并同步分析了挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)、容积产气率、pH值的变化.结果表明,酸性和碱性磷酸酯酶活性在容积负荷为2.0~4.0kgVS/(m3·d)时,平均值为14.1,9.8μgNP/(h·mL);容积负荷为5.0~7.5kgVS/(m3·d)时,其平均值为138.4,23.6μgNP/(h·mL);容积负荷为8.5kgVS/(m3·d)的超负荷阶段达到峰值318.1,51.5μgNP/(h·mL)后快速下降.磷酸酯酶活性骤升的时间较VFAs、容积产气率骤降超前2d、较pH值的骤降提前1d.磷酸酯酶活性较常规指标VFAs、容积产气率和pH值等对单相厌氧消化抑制具有一定的预警作用.     

邻苯二甲酸酯类对水生食物链的影响研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)增塑剂被普遍用于塑料制品中,在大气、水等环境中广泛存在,其潜在危害受到关注。水环境中的PAEs,从藻类等初级生产者吸收,到浮游动物、游泳动物等通过鳃和皮肤直接接触或捕食摄取,在水生生物之间转化和传递。笔者总结了PAEs在水生食物链中不同营养级生物体的含量,分析了PAEs在食物链中富集和转化的影响因素(辛醇-水分配系数Kow、代谢转化、生长阶段等)。目前的研究表明PAEs可能在食物链中传递,最终在较高营养级生物体中富集。同时总结了5种PAEs(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酯丁苄酯、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯和邻苯二甲酸二甲酯)对水生生物的毒性效应的研究进展,已有研究表明PAEs对藻类的细胞器和抗氧化体系,对鱼类的生殖系统、内分泌系统和抗氧化体系都有一定程度损伤。PAEs在食物链中传递和富集现象的存在会对高营养级水生生物产生潜在危害。针对目前PAEs在食物链中传递的研究数量较少、结构简单等问题,对未来研究方向做了简要分析和展望。     

大连市区普通居民的汞暴露风险研究

为了解沿海地区居民的汞暴露情况及其膳食汞的主要来源,对大连市区普通居民的膳食消费情况及其发汞浓度进行了调查与分析。普通居民的膳食消费情况采用调查问卷的形式进行,调查问卷的内容包括水产品消费情况、年龄、性别、身高、体重等,填写调查问卷的志愿者们同时自愿提供头发样品。膳食样品,如水产品、谷物、蔬菜等常见品种在大连市区的市场采用随机采购的方式获得。头发和膳食样品中的汞含量采用原子荧光光谱法测定,测定结果为:水产品中总汞含量为15.32(1.89~86.40)μg·kg-1,其中甲基汞含量为8.05(1.79~40.33)μg·kg-1;谷物和蔬菜总汞含量分别为2.04(0.05~11.95)μg·kg-1和0.96(0.05~2.74)μg·kg-1;头发样品中总汞浓度为(0.46±0.55)μg·g-1,其中甲基汞浓度为(0.28±0.19)μg·g-1。通过估算得知,大连市普通居民日平均的汞摄入量为0.043μg·(kg·d)-1,其中来自水产品的摄入量占膳食摄入的63.6%。居民发汞浓度与年龄、水产品食用量呈正相关,与身高、体重没有显著的相关性;与美国国家环境保护局规定的人体发汞风险参考剂量1μg·g-1相对照,此次调查人群中约有4.6%的居民发汞浓度超出该标准限值,这表明大连市区普通居民可能面临汞暴露的潜在风险。该研究结果将为我国普通居民的汞暴露评估和风险控制提供重要参考数据。     

食品应急储备配置比例及方法研究

为提升食品应急储备的科学性、合理性,在总结分析食品应急储备的种类、形式与影响因素的基础上,以我国官方发布的食物与营养发展目标为依据,确定了八大类应急储备食品的基础配置比例,并提出了食品大类配置比例的修正方法,随后综合考虑生产周期、保质期、易储性和储备成本,给出实物储备和产能储备的配置方法,最后提出了单类食品实物储备模式下单品的配置原则和方法,并以单价修正为例对单品选择性修正方法进行了说明,对不断提高突发事件应急保障工作的水平,提升应对突发事件的保障能力,实现受灾群众更科学合理的饮食结构有重要意义。     

城市食物生态足迹的测算模型及实证分析

随着全球人口不断向城市集中及饮食需求多样化,城市食品安全正在成为一个全球关注的重要议题。为探寻城市与食物之间的关系,论文应用食物生态足迹的概念提出其测算方法,并以北京为研究区域进行实证分析,从供需平衡的角度,测算了供养北京城市所需要的食物生态足迹变化。研究发现,尽管人均食物生态足迹仍然相对稳定在0.127 hm²左右,但北京食物生态足迹总体增长迅速,已从1993年的1.18×10⁴ km²增加到2010年的2.94×10⁴ km²,达到北京市国土面积的1.79倍,并且有继续增加的趋势。随着北京内部耕地面积的不断减少,食物承载力不断降低,北京也会不断将其食物赤字转移到外埠区域,来维持食物生态足迹的供需平衡。因此,北京若要增强自身的食物供给能力,减少食物生态足迹,就需要采取不同于目前的发展策略,加大都市农业的开发力度。     

Abstracts to forthcoming papers

Food is the major source of metal exposure for the nonsmoking general population. Food samples of plant and animal origin from Ismailia, Egypt, were analyzed for the content of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) using AAS. The Cr, Zn, and Cu concentrations were in the range of 1.7–249?µg?kg^?1 wet weight (ww), 2–66?mg?kg^?1?ww, and 0.5–3.46?mg?kg^?1?ww, respectively. The mean daily intake of Cr, Zn, and Cu was 28.9?µg day^?1, 8.55?mg day^?1, and 1.7?mg day^?1, respectively. The intake estimates are within the range of the recommended intake established internationally. Concentrations of Cd and Pb were in the range of 10–321?µg?kg^?1?ww and 31–1200?µg?kg^?1?ww, respectively. The weekly dietary intake for Cd and Pb (4.02 and 20.4?µg?kg^?1 b.w, respectively) is lower than the FAO/WHO PTWI. Bread is the foodstuff that provided the highest rate of Pb and Cd (62 and 46% of the daily intake) to adults in Ismailia city.     

In vitro kinetic characterization of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by organophosphate and carbamate compounds in food animals

Organophosphate, dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyldimethylphosphate, DDVP), and diazinon (DZN) as well as carbamates are currently found in contaminated water, dust, soil, agricultural waste, and elsewhere in the environment, and can be harmful after accidental or deliberate exposure. Intoxication by these compounds causes a generalized cholinergic crisis due to the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), whose major physiological role in mammalian tissues is in nervous transmission. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) was found to be higher for carbaryl than DDVP and DZN, about 3–4 times in liver and about 4–6 times in muscles. The half time (t _1/2) of inhibition (8?µmol?L^?1 DDVP or DZN; 40?µmol?L^?1 carbaryl) ranged between 4 and 16?min and decreased as follows: pig?>?cattle?>?sheep for liver tissue, and cattle?>?sheep?>?pig for muscle. Rate constants of inhibition (k _i) ranged between 43?×?10^?3 and 168?×?10^?3?min^?1 for liver and from 46?×?10^?3 to 115?×?10^?3?min^?1 for muscles. Very little residual AChE activity (<6.1%) was seen in liver, but more was seen in muscle (<17%).     

Arsenic bioaccumulation in rice and edible plants and subsequent transmission through food chain in Bengal basin: a review of the perspectives for environmental health

Arsenic (As) is a metalloid that poses serious environmental threats due to its behemoth toxicity and wide abundance. The use of arsenic-contaminated groundwater for irrigation purpose in crop fields elevates arsenic concentration in surface soil and in the plants. In many arsenic-affected countries, including Bangladesh and India, rice is reported to be one of the major sources of arsenic contamination. Rice is much more efficient at accumulating arsenic into the grains than other staple cereal crops. Rice is generally grown in submerged flooded condition, where arsenic bioavailability is high in soil. As arsenic species are phytotoxic, they can also affect the overall production of rice, and can reduce the economic growth of a country. Once the foodstuffs are contaminated with arsenic, this local problem can gain further significance and may become a global problem, as many food products are exported to other countries. Large-scale use of rainwater in irrigation systems, bioremediation by arsenic-resistant organisms and hyperaccumulating plants, and the aerobic cultivation of rice are some possible ways to reduce the extent of bioaccumulation in rice. Investigation on a complete food chain is urgently needed in the arsenic-contaminated zones, which should be our priority in future researches.     

东莞市蔬菜基地蔬菜中喹诺酮类抗生素污染特征及健康风险

利用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)技术分析了东莞市蔬菜基地蔬菜中4种喹诺酮类抗生素的污染特征,并对其健康风险进行评价.结果表明,东莞市蔬菜中普遍检出喹诺酮类抗生素,以诺氟沙星和环丙沙星为主,其次是恩诺沙星,检出率均在80%以上,最高含量均大于100μg/kg(干重),平均含量近20μg/kg;不同基地和不同类型的蔬菜中喹诺酮类抗生素的含量与组成特征差异较大,总含量为叶菜类(49.87μg/kg)>根茎类(44.81μg/kg)>瓜果类(11.21μg/kg);通过食用东莞市蔬菜摄入喹诺酮类抗生素的量低于日允许摄入量,健康风险较小.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in the blood of pure vegetarians (vegans)

Intake of many persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including dioxins, dibenzofurans and PCBs is almost exclusively from gastrointestinal ingestion of animal fats in the diet. With polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) brominated flame retardants (BFRs), no consensus exists at present as to the extent of intake from food, from indoor dust or other routes of intake. Vegans, or pure vegetarians, were previously found to have low body burden of dioxins and dibenzofurans in blood. Data reported here for the first time show a trend towards lower PBDE levels with longer time periods without ingestion of food of animal origin in 8 adult residents of the United States. A stronger relationship between lower PBDE levels and time without meat, specifically, is consistent with substantial PBDE intake from meat relative to fish or dairy products in Americans. These vegans had somewhat lower PBDE levels with a range 12.4–127 and a median 23.9?ppb than published reports of US general population samples which had a range of 4–366 and median of 26?ppb. Our findings suggest that food of animal origin may be a major but not the sole contributor to human body burden of PBDEs.