我国农村连锁商业企业营销战略初探

随着我国经济的日益发展,农村连锁商业市场发展潜力巨大.本文通过分析我国农村连锁商业企业发展的营销环境,初步探讨了在农村进行连锁商业经营的基本营销战略.     

Geese and dietary allelochemicals — food palatability and geophagy

Summary The palatability of plants was studied in young, immature and adult geese of three species,Anser anser, Anser indicus andBranta canadensis, with respect to secondary plant metabolites. In their first 1–4 weeks of life, hand-reared goslings feed on a wide variety of plants, more or less irrespective of their allelochemical contents. Older birds become more selective, but still consume plants which are normally considered to be unpalatable or even toxic for other animals. Choice experiments were performed with pure secondary metabolites which were offered on otherwise highly palatable food items, such as leaves ofTaraxacum officinale. These experiments revealed a similar trend, in that very young goslings discriminate their food much less than older goslings or adult geese. In general, food contaminated with essential oils was rejected, whereas alkaloids, glycosides, amines and sulfur compounds were tolerated to a remarkable degree. In consequence, especially young, but also adult geese must have a high capacity to tolerate and/or to detoxify dietary allelochemicals. Another detoxification mechanism became evident during the experiments: geese ingest soil and mud quite regularly. It could be shown experimentally that the respective soil had a high capacity to bind alkaloids. We assume that geophagy is a means (besides a presumed active detoxification in the liver) to adsorb and thus reduce the contents of dietary allelochemicals.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Scenarios of animal waste production and fertilizer use and associated ammonia emission for the developing countries

Livestock production and the use of synthetic fertilizer are responsible for about half of the global emission of NH₃. Depending on the animal category between 10 and 36% of the N in animal excreta is lost as NH₃. The current annual NH₃ emission in developing countries of 15 million ton N accounts for of the global emission from animal excreta. In addition, 7.2 million tons NH₃N of synthetic N fertilizers are lost as NH₃ in developing countries. This is 80% of the global NH₃ emission from synthetic fertilizer's use. Along with human population increase and economic growth, livestock production in developing countries may even increase by a factor of 3 between now and 2025. The net result of rapid increase of livestock production combined with higher efficiency is an increase in NH₃ emissions of only 60% from 15 to 24 million tons NH₃N between 1990 and 2025 in developing countries. Livestock production is an important consumer of feedstuffs, mainly cereals, thereby inducing additional demand for synthetic fertilizers. Despite the projected major increase of synthetic fertilizer use from 42 to 106 million ton N between 1990 and 2025, the NH₃ loss in developing countries may decrease if a shift towards other fertilizer types, that are less vulnerable to NH₃ volatilization, is realized. According to the scenario, the total emission of NH₃ associated with food production in developing countries will increase from 22 to 30 million ton N yr⁻¹ between 1990 and 2025. Although the NH₃ emission increases more slowly than food production, in particular, animal production may show geographic concentration in certain regions, which may lead to high local emission densities and associated environmental problems.     

持久性有机污染物(续完)

持久性有机污染物的环境化学和生态毒理学是目前环境研究最活跃的领域之一。本文综述了持久性有机污染物的成分特性、对生物群的毒理效应、环境污染源、环境分析、环境行为、食物链传播、地区性或全球性的污染传输等问题。同时提出了对目前和将来持久性有机污染物研究的一些浅见。     

Carbofuran toxicity on total lipids and free fatty acids in air breathing fish during exposure and cessation of exposure--in vivo

Clarias batrachus, fish were exposed to sublethalconcentration of commercial carbofuran for 144 hr. After 144 hrof exposure period, fish were transferred to fresh water and kept inthe same for 144 hr in order to study the effect of carbofuranafter cessation of intoxication. Total lipids and free fattyacids were determined in liver, muscle kidney and ovary at aninterval of 24, 72 and 144 hr during exposure and after therelease into toxicant free water. Total lipids increased in allthe tissues throughout the exposure period, followed by decreaseduring depuration period. The results showed an alteration infree fatty acid content in different tissues of the fish. Theelevated levels returned to almost control values after transferof fish into carbofuran free water.     

对我国食育行动的思考与展望——吃好还是吃对?

新中国成立70周年以来,中国居民的饮食生活习惯发生了巨大的变化。当前我国居民的饮食生活面临营养结构失衡、食品安全问题频发、饮食生活多样性与外部化趋势加重、饮食文化受到冲击、食物浪费严重等问题。基于以上的现状和问题,食育在我国开始越来越受到重视。加强食育行动的推进,有助于促进居民饮食结构的改善,促进居民对食物供应链的正确理解,促进居民对食品安全的理解和认识,促进居民对传统饮食文化的继承与发展等。本文通过文献分析结合实地调研的方法,系统梳理了国内外有关食育的研究,分析了食育对当前改善中国居民饮食生活现状的重要作用。并在此基础上提出了应推进各级政府跨部门跨领域合作、整合多主体资源,传达食育理念、扎根校园,深耕食育课程、鼓励食育终身学习等政策建议。     

有机负荷和温度波动对厌氧菌群及酶活影响

基于太阳能辅热厌氧消化反应器进行餐厨垃圾半连续发酵试验,探究了温度波动和有机负荷调控（OLR=2.0、4.0、6.0、7.0 kg·m^-3·d^-1）对甲烷产量、酶活性变化和微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,反应器可以在OLR为2.0 kg·m^-3·d^-1下稳定运行并在6.0 kg·m^-3·d^-1时实现最佳甲烷生产效率,虽然太阳能组比电能组减少了4倍能耗,但热辐射不稳定导致太阳能组发酵温度波动,甲烷平均产量比电能组减少21%.此外,蛋白酶在温度波动环境下表现出较高活性,但脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性却受到抑制.高通测序结果表明,低OLR阶段乙酸型产甲烷菌Methanosaeta活性较强,随着OLR递增氢营养型产甲烷菌Methanoregula和Methanospirillum相对丰度逐渐提高,而试验全过程中水解细菌Firmicutes相对丰度维持在62%~95%,占据主导地位.     

Impact of climate change on food security of small islands: The case of Mauritius

This paper studies the implications of high food prices resulting from climate change on food security in small islands, using Mauritius as a case‐study. Climate change may adversely impact prices of agricultural commodities. The study derives and calculates the government costs and the welfare effects of an increase in the world price of rice on consumers in Mauritius. Using an equilibrium displacement model, this study finds that an increase in the price of rice by 35%, as predicted by the literature on climate change and rice prices, will result in an increase of 28.8% in government spending, representing the additional outlays to support the subsidy scheme for food security. Using 2012 as the baseline, the welfare analysis results suggest that consumer surplus for ration rice consumers increases by 626 million Mauritian Rupees (MUR) or US$18 million while consumer surplus decreases by MUR454 million (US$13 million) for basmati rice consumers.     

基于屏障理论的安全事故原因分析方法研究

本文系统介绍了基于屏障理论的事故原因分析方法,编制事件时间链图,完整还原事故发生经过,并通过屏障辨识及分析,确定事故的直接原因、间接原因和根本原因,为事故原因分析提供参考方法和工具。最后通过实际案例进行了应用和验证。