云南大理地区土碱中重金属含量的测定与食用安全分析

对云南大理地区的10个农贸市场所售土碱中As、Cd、Hg和Pb含量进行测定,并对其食用安全性进行评价。结果表明,供试土碱中重金属含量水平差异很大,As含量为2.79～3.87 mg.kg-1,Hg含量为0.036～0.061mg.kg-1,Cd含量为0～0.015 mg.kg-1,Pb含量为0.15～1.16 mg.kg-1。与相关国家标准相比,所有样品均有不同程度的重金属超标。供试土碱作为食品添加剂时每人每日As、Hg、Cd、Pb摄入量(EDA)均未达到日允许摄入量(ADI)。表明供试土碱对人体健康的潜在危害较小,但为安全起见,应建立土碱环境质量标准并加强管理。     

Relationship between heavy metals concentrations in egret species,their environment and food chain differences from two Headworks of Pakistan

Concentration of ten metals (Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were analyzed in the egg contents, prey and soil samples of little egret (Egretta garzetta) and cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) from two Headworks to determine habitat and species-specific differences; to assess the importance of prey and habitat contamination as an exposure source for heavy metals. Concentration of Cu, Mn, Cr and Pb in egg contents, Fe, Co, Cu, Mn, Zn in prey and Fe, Co, Cu, Ni, Li in surface soils were significantly different (P < 0.05). Mean metal concentrations of Cr, Pb and Cd were relatively higher in little egret whereas Cu and Mn were higher in the egg contents of cattle egret. The mean concentrations of Cu, Mn and Zn were higher in prey samples of cattle egrets and Cr, Cd and Pb in prey samples of little egrets. In soil samples collected from little egret heronries metal concentrations were higher except Cu and Ni. Correlation Analysis and Hierarchical Agglomerative Cluster Analysis (HACA) identified relatively similar associations of metals and their source identification. Metals such as Fe, Cu, Mn, and Li were related with geochemical origin from parent rock material as well as anthropogenic input whereas Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, Co and Zn were associated mostly with anthropogenic activities. The study suggested that eggs are useful bio-monitor of local heavy metal contamination.     

稀土元素日允许摄入限量的差异与农用安全性讨论

比较不同时期提出的稀土元素日允许摄入量(AD I)的差异性发现,随着研究的深入,近期提出的AD I值明显低于早期的AD I值,反映了人们对稀土元素毒性效应有了进一步的认识。根据农产品中稀土元素残留量及其可通过食物链为人们所摄入的现状,分析了稀土农用、稀土厂“三废”对生态环境的污染影响以及潜在的食品安全性问题。     

有机营养肥料研究进展

对几种常用的有机营养肥料(腐殖酸、核酸及其降解物、氨基酸)的生产及其对土壤的作用和生物效应等作了综述并对有机营养肥料的研究和发展方向及其在未来的生态农业和绿色食品生产中的重要性和应用前景作了展望。     

太湖不同湖区真核微型浮游生物基因多样性的研究

用DGGE(denatured gradient gel electrophoresis)和构建18S rDNA克隆文库2种方法对太湖不同湖区的真核微型浮游生物(0.8～20μm)多样性及组成结构进行了研究.DGGE结果表明,不同湖区真核微型浮游生物的DGGE指纹图谱存在明显差异,其中营养水平较低的东太湖和贡湖DGGE条带数最多,分别为23和24,香农多样性指数分别为3.135和3.178,而营养水平较高的梅梁湾和五里湖最少,均为18,香农多样性指数为2.890,表明营养水平较低湖区的多样性高于营养水平较高的湖区.克隆测序结果表明太湖中真核微型浮游生物种类车富,占优势的主要是一些鞭毛藻、异养鞭毛虫、纤毛虫和真菌,而营养水平不同的梅梁湾、湖心、东太湖中真核微型浮游生物组成明显不同.在营养水平较高的梅梁湾,28.6%的OUT(operational taxonomicunit)属于异养鞭毛虫,另外隐藻、金藻分别占22.9%和14.3%;在湖心,金藻的比例最大,占25.7%,另外比较多的是异养鞭毛虫和隐藻,分别为20.0%和14.3%;而营养水平较低的东太湖各类纤毛虫所占比份最大,为26.8%,异养鞭毛虫较少,仅占4.9%,另外真菌含量较高,占12.2%.     

环境水体中肠道病原细菌定量PCR检测与膜过滤分析方法的比较

采用通用引物,通过实时荧光定量PCR方法(QPCR),对西安市5个地表水体中肠道病原细菌的细胞密度进行了分析.检测水样体积为100mL,分别于2006年3～6月取自水源水(黑河)、景观娱乐用水(大唐芙蓉园北湖和兴庆湖)、纳污河(浐河)和未消毒的二级出水(北石桥污水处理厂),并将QPCR检测结果与滤膜法(MF)测得的细菌总数、大肠菌群和粪大肠杆菌CFU结果进行了比较分析.5个水体(n=60)检测结果显示,QPCR检测结果是大肠菌群CFU的2.2～5倍,是粪大肠杆菌CFU的7～14倍.病原细菌检测的几何平均值范围,QPCR法在25～67000 CCE·100mL-1之间,MF法大肠菌群在3～45000 CFU·100mL-1之间,粪大肠菌群在0～3000 CFU·100mL-1之间(n=60).两种方法的检测结果使用Spearman秩相关法来计算,结果显示,QPCR检测结果与大肠菌群、细菌总数以及粪大肠杆菌CFU均呈现显著正相关,秩相关系数分别为r=0.983、r=0.908和r=0.948.     

Environmental,climate and social leadership of small enterprises: Fairphone’s step-by-step approach

ABSTRACT

Achieving sustainable consumption and production requires a break with current practices in many sectors, including the smartphone sector. Leaders are central actors in catalysing such change by developing, implementing and promoting innovative ideas, products and practices. Not only large but also small enterprises can aspire to assume leadership for sustainability. This contribution explores the environmental, climate and social leadership of the social enterprise Fairphone that seeks to start a movement towards a more sustainable smartphone sector. Endowed with barely any structural power, it relies on other leadership types, especially entrepreneurial leadership, which is based on dialogue, persuasion and coalition-building. Small enterprises can be leaders, but pursuing a goal such as transforming the smartphone sector takes a step-by-step approach targeting different follower groups from suppliers, competitors and consumers to end-of-life processors and policymakers. Those different follower groups are susceptible to different (combinations of) leadership types.     

Sustainable development in East Africa: impact evaluation of regional agricultural development projects in Burundi,Kenya, Rwanda,Tanzania, and Uganda

Investments in agricultural technologies, capacity building and policy harmonization are needed to support sustainable development across Africa. Regional development projects can facilitate the adoption of agricultural technologies and innovations across nation-state borders and generate benefits for shared prosperity. This paper uses panel data from 1,160 smallholder households including beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries from five countries in East Africa - Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. From a pool of over 90 projects implemented over a span of 15 years, 23 regional projects are included in this study. The major economic benefits to smallholder participants are higher crop productivity and income, access to adaptable technologies, access to markets, higher livestock and milk production, gender equality, enhanced food security, resilience and capacity building for uptake and scaling up of future innovation platforms. For example, the adoption of low-cost tissue culture banana by the beneficiaries increased their incomes by 15% in Rwanda while the adoption of appropriate land and water management technologies increased the potato yields from 2.8 tons (USD 2,840/ha) to over 7.5 tons (USD 7,410/ha) in Kenya. The beneficiaries ensured value added to commodities like bananas (for export) and orange-fleshed sweet potatoes (a nutrition-sensitive intervention for enhancing domestic intake of vitamin A) in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda. Additionally, milk production increased from 6 to 11 L per cow per day in Uganda and from 6 to 8 L per cow per day in Tanzania, with increases in sales generating USD 115 per cow per month above the non-beneficiaries. These results are supported by previous studies on technology adoption, investments in agriculture and well-being outcomes. Our findings with the higher farm income Difference-in-Differences (DiD) estimator for the female beneficiaries compared to male beneficiaries might have important implications for investing in regional development projects that will close the gender gap in agricultural productivity in Africa. Regional projects can also support post-conflict development efforts for food security and peace in fragile contexts such as in Burundi. Our findings might serve as an input to the African Union's Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme, localization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals related to food security and agriculture in Africa and an input to monitoring, evaluation and learning.     

Climate pushers or symbolic leaders? The limits to corporate climate leadership by food retailers

ABSTRACT

Corporate climate leadership and its relationship with state regulations are discussed. First, a typology defining corporate climate leadership is introduced and distinguished from the other strategic behaviours corporations may adopt in response to climate change. A conceptual framework to explore the mechanisms enabling corporate climate leadership within a given policy system is then presented. This framework is applied to two big Swiss food retailers, considered as typical of corporate climate leaders, firms that showed an early interest in climate protection, as a result of ecological values, third actors’ lobbying and particular market incentives. Most importantly, the two companies were set in motion by a regulatory framework that featured stringent policy goals associated with flexible instruments and economic sanctions. The importance of these findings for understanding the role of corporate leadership in polycentric climate governance is discussed.     

日光温室蔬菜中百菌清残留状况及不同处理对其的影响

近些年来,食品安全问题逐渐成为人们关注的热点,而农药残留由于其对食品安全和人类健康的影响,引起了广泛的关注.随着越来越多的温室蔬菜出现在人们的生活中,其农药残留势必会对人们的健康产生巨大的影响.本文应用气相色谱法研究两种常见温室蔬菜(黄瓜、番茄)的农药百菌清残留情况及不同处理对其的影响.结果表明,百菌清在这两种温室蔬菜中严重超标,而实验中所采取的类似家庭采用的流水洗净和去皮两种不同处理方式都可以有效降低百菌清的残留量,去皮的效果更为显著.