满足城市食物消费需求的农业生产碳排放研究——以宁波为例

食物消费相关的农业生产阶段的碳排放研究,对于探讨气候变化背景下可持续消费模式的选择和低碳农业技术与管理的提升具有重要意义.以宁波市为例,采用生命周期分析与环境投入产出相结合的综合分析框架,对其2012年居民所消费食物在农业生产阶段的直接和间接碳排放进行研究,分析不同食物及不同排放源的排放特征.结果表明,粮食、猪肉、水产品和牛肉对食物消费碳排放总量的贡献最大,分别占28%、25%、10%和9%;粮食、蔬菜和蛋类单位热量和单位蛋白质的碳排放均较小,禽、蛋、水产、鲜奶单位蛋白质的碳排放低于牛羊猪肉;由农业投入品生产所带来的间接碳排放占总量的49%;化肥是多数植物性食物碳排放最大的贡献源,占植物性食物排放总量的33%;饲料是大多动物性食物碳排放的最大来源,占动物性食物排放总量的56%.为促进食物消费和农业生产的碳减排,一方面建议适当增加蛋类、水产品、禽类和鲜奶的消费比重,减少猪牛羊肉的消费比重;另一方面应着重提高农业投入品供应链的能效,推广优化施肥技术与管理,以及提升饲料品质.     

UK allotments and urban food initiatives: (limited?) potential for reducing inequalities

The number of urban food initiatives in many regions of the world, notably Europe and the USA, has burgeoned in recent years, and analyses of the impacts of these activities on people and environments are the focus of an increasing academic literature. The impacts documented include enhanced food security, cohesive neighbourhoods, sustainability, and food justice. Yet, another literature presents opposing analyses and focuses on exclusionary aspects of projects and their enabling of a continued neo-liberal reduction in state welfare provision. As a result, there has been an impasse in debates over the potential of urban food projects to reduce inequalities. This paper proposes that the benchmark of the UK allotment system provides a means to examine these opposing positions. It uses the conceptual frameworks of diverse economies and the capital assets framework to attain clarity in the analysis of the many kinds of food-related activities seen in (peri-)urban areas. Drawing on empirical work in Plymouth, UK, it focuses on the potential of the different food ventures to reduce inequalities, given certain contingent economic and political factors. It also presents evidence that the allotment movement despite its initially radical roots can be seen as largely apolitical in the present day and has no leverage over allocation of land to allotment sites. Even so, evidence is growing that both allotments and the newer forms of urban food activities contribute to meeting national and city-level policy objectives, with the potential to enhance food justice and reduce inequalities.     

餐厨垃圾中温干式厌氧消化污泥的流变特性研究

以半连续式和序批式餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产生的污泥为研究对象,考察温度(T)、含固率(TS)和剪切速率(γ)对消化污泥流变性的影响.使用旋转粘度计测定污泥动力粘度,测定时温度范围20~70℃,消化污泥TS分别为21.41%~29.54%(半连续式)、12.09%~22.48%(序批式).试验结果表明:污泥流动性随温度升高而增强,随温度降低而减弱,且温度变化会对污泥流变性造成不可逆的影响;同一剪切速率下,污泥的动力粘度随TS含量增高而变大;粘度曲线说明厌氧消化污泥为非牛顿流体,具有剪切变稀的特点;通过剪切应力的上升曲线和下降曲线可判断厌氧消化污泥为时间相关性流体,动力粘度-时间曲线进一步说明污泥为触变性流体;TS12%时,有必要设置搅拌系统,剪切速率控制在10.4~20.9 s-1较为合适;污泥的TS含量越高,温度、TS和剪切对流变性的影响越明显.试验可为厌氧消化反应器的搅拌系统和热交换系统设计提供一定的基础数据.     

铅低积累大豆的筛选及铅对其豆中矿物营养元素的影响

筛选和培育铅低积累作物品种已被用来降低铅流入到人们的食物链中.本实验采用盆栽方法,研究了16个选定的大豆品种在两个铅处理(500和1500 mg·kg-1)下的生长反应,并评估其对铅的耐性.结果表明,在两个铅处理(500和1500 mg·kg-1)下,大豆中Pb含量有显著差异(p0.05),其平均值分别为0.19和0.27 mg·kg-1.在两种Pb梯度处理下富集系数的范围分别为0.003~0.014和0.002~0.012.16种大豆品种的富集系数在两种Pb梯度处理下均小于0.02,且存在显著差异(p0.05),表明大豆吸收的Pb主要积累在根部.大豆品种:垦丰16号、绥农28号、中黄35号和黑河35号被发现符合低铅积累大豆品种的标准.这4个品种的大豆被进一步用于评估Pb和其他矿质营养元素之间的相互作用,如Ca、Cu、Fe、Mg、Mn和Zn.土壤中Pb含量会影响大豆对微量矿物营养元素的吸收,表现为土壤中高剂量Pb能抑制大豆对Ca、Cu、Fe、Mg和Zn的吸收,同时增加其对Mn的吸收和积累.     

餐厨废水中解磷菌、固氮菌及解钾菌的互作效应研究

针对餐厨垃圾无害化和资源化处理过程中产生的餐厨垃圾废水处理难题,探讨餐厨垃圾废水用作发酵基制备复合液态菌肥过程中菌株间的互作效应。将解磷菌、固氮菌及解钾菌在餐厨废水中单独和混合接种,通过测定菌悬液细胞密度的变化来研究它们之间的互作效应。研究表明,在餐厨垃圾废水中解磷巨大芽孢杆菌对圆褐固氮菌有促进作用,与解钾芽孢杆菌之间存在拮抗作用,同时圆褐固氮菌与解钾芽孢杆菌之间亦存在拮抗作用,3个菌株的混合培养中解磷巨大芽孢杆菌为优势菌种。研究结果同时显示,利用餐厨垃圾废水可以制备合格的复合菌肥。     

天津市典型生物质固体燃料锅炉NO、CO排放研究

针对实际运行条件下,国内生物质固体燃料燃烧过程中NO、CO排放研究不足,排放现状不清晰等问题,在天津地区选择了6台具有代表性的生物质固体燃料锅炉,在测试中燃烧其常用燃料,采用烟气分析仪Testo350对锅炉展开了气态排放研究,重点研究了其中5台生物质固体成型燃料锅炉在不同燃烧负荷下,NO和CO的排放情况,以及另1台捆烧式锅炉在正常工况下的排放情况。测试结果表明:6台生物质锅炉的NO排放浓度均在180 mg/m~3以上,CO排放浓度均高于500 mg/m~3。其中,3台炉型的固体成型燃料锅炉随着燃烧负荷的增大,NO排放浓度降低CO浓度升高,燃烧负荷控制在75%~80%可相对减少气态污染物NO、CO的排放,其余2台炉型NO、CO排放浓度随燃烧负荷的增大变化趋势与前3台相反,且燃烧负荷控制在95%左右为优;捆烧式锅炉NO排放浓度最低为182.9 mg/m~3,但CO排放浓度却高达2 243.6 mg/m~3。研究结果可为用生物质固体燃料锅炉的实际运行提供参考,从而优化生物质固态燃料的燃烧和排放。     

Costs of food waste along the value chain: Evidence from South Africa

In a previous paper (Nahman et al., 2012), the authors estimated the costs of household food waste in South Africa, based on the market value of the wasted food (edible portion only), as well as the costs of disposal to landfill. In this paper, we extend the analysis by assessing the costs of edible food waste throughout the entire food value chain, from agricultural production through to consumption at the household level. First, food waste at each stage of the value chain was quantified in physical units (tonnes) for various food commodity groups. Then, weighted average representative prices (per tonne) were estimated for each commodity group at each stage of the value chain. Finally, prices were multiplied by quantities, and the resulting values were aggregated across the value chain for all commodity groups. In this way, the total cost of food waste across the food value chain in South Africa was estimated at R61.5 billion per annum (approximately US$7.7 billion); equivalent to 2.1% of South Africa’s annual gross domestic product. The bulk of this cost arises from the processing and distribution stages of the fruit and vegetable value chain, as well as the agricultural production and distribution stages of the meat value chain. These results therefore provide an indication of where interventions aimed at reducing food waste should be targeted.     

Synthesis and bioefficacy evaluation of new 3-substituted-3,4-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazines

A new series of 1, 3-Benzoxazines were synthesized, characterized (¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR) and evaluated for their pesticidal activity. Six new 3-alkyl-3, 4-dihydro-4-methyl-2H-1, 3-benzoxazines (1-6) were prepared by hydroxymethylation of secondary amines with formaldehyde in 65–68% yields. These compounds were screened for there IGR activity against Spodoptera litura and for antifungal fungal activity in vitro against Sclerotium rolfsii ITCC 6181 by poisoned food technique. Insect Growth Regulatory (IGR) activity against Spodoptera litura showed that compound 3-Nonyl-3,4-dihydro-4-methyl-2H-1,3-benzoxazines was most effective as IGR with larval GI₅₀ of 1.863 μ g/Insect. Compounds 3-Octyl-3,4-dihydro-4-methyl-2H-1,3-benzoxazines and 3-Decyl-3,4-dihydro-4-methyl-2H-1,3-benzoxazines were effective IGRs. Antifungal screening revealed that compound 3-Dodecyl-3, 4-dihydro-4-methyl-2H-1,3-benzoxazines, was highly effective against Sclerotium rolfsii with LC₅₀ value 31.7 mg L^?1 comparable with commercial fungicide Hexaconazole (LC₅₀ 1.27 mg L^?1). Also compounds 3-Nonyl-3, 4-dihydro-4-methyl-2H-1,3-benzoxazines and 3-Decyl-3,4-dihydro-4-methyl-2H-1,3-benzoxazines displayed promising fungitoxicity. The results described in this paper are promising and provides new array of synthetic chemicals to be utilized as pesticides.     

Simulation of cladoceran survival strategy under conditions of food depletion

Competition between several cladoceran species has been studied with the use of simulation. The results have demonstrated that, in most cases, one or two species survive. Under conditions of the minimum food supply, the most competitive species have the selective advantage. With an increase in food supply, the survival of low-competitive species was observed more often. The mean body size of surviving species increases with an increase in food reproduction.     

乡村振兴与新型城镇化耦合协调的动态演进及其驱动机制

重构乡村振兴与新型城镇化的指标体系,采用耦合协调度模型、空间马尔可夫链以及地理加权回归模型,分析了2005—2017年中国30个省（市、自治区）乡村振兴与新型城镇化的耦合协调水平、时空分异格局、空间动态演进以及驱动机制。研究发现：（1）乡村振兴与新型城镇化的耦合协调度呈现“东部高、西南低”的分布特征,中级协调区域逐步向中部扩散,高级协调区域数量不断增加;高级协调类型省（市、自治区）中“乡村振兴滞后型”占大多数,初级协调和濒临失调类型省（市、自治区）中“新型城镇化发展滞后型”居多。（2）耦合协调度的动态演进呈现维持原有状态稳定性的特征,较难实现跨越式转移,处于高级协调阶段的省（市、自治区）存在“俱乐部趋同”现象。向上转移的省（市、自治区）主要集中在中部,向下调整的以北方省（市、自治区）居多;耦合协调较高的省（市、自治区）对邻近省（市、自治区）具有正向溢出效应,而耦合协调度低的省（市、自治区）对周围产生负向效应,且这种影响是不对称的。（3）影响乡村振兴与新型城镇化耦合协调度变化的驱动力空间差异显著,表现出层级带状分布的发展态势。政府驱动、投资驱动、人口驱动呈现南北层级带状分布。消费驱动、收入驱动、产业驱动呈现东西层级带状分布。