蚯蚓-微生物协同作用过程中的微生物特性

在环境污染治理领域,被誉为"生态型工程师"的蚯蚓在污水/污泥资源化处理与处置,以及土壤的生态修复中备受关注。蚯蚓通过掘洞、摄食、分泌黏液和排泄蚓粪等方式调控系统中微生物的数量、活性及群落结构,与微生物协同互作强化了生物系统中物质转化与能量流动关系。蚯蚓-微生物协同共生的相互依存关系是此类技术展现低耗高效和生态友好特点的关键。通过综述经人工强化的蚯蚓-微生物互作生态系统中,蚯蚓对微生物的量、活性、群落结构以及食物网的影响,探讨了该生态系统中物质转化和能量流动的特点,并展望了蚯蚓-微生物互作技术研究及应用的发展方向。     

餐厨垃圾厌氧消化运行试验研究

采用猪粪厌氧消化的消化污泥为接种物,在中温(37℃)条件下,以连续进料的方式对餐厨垃圾的湿式厌氧消化进行了启动以及运行试验,监测整个实验过程中产气量、pH、VFA、碱度等能够反映厌氧消化的系统指标。结果表明:本实验中系统最佳有机负荷为2.8 kg/(m~3·d)(以VS计),超过此负荷后,依靠系统自身恢复和人工调节,pH很难恢复正常运行状态。正常运行过程中,pH稳定在7.5~8.0,VFA稳定在2 000 mg/L左右,碱度在6 000~9 000 mg/L,氨氮在1 500~2 000 mg/L,底物含水率为96%~98%。系统超负荷运行后,产气量和pH下降,VFA浓度上升,碱度、氨氮、含水率基本保持稳定。     

大型采石废弃地弃渣边坡稳定技术设计研究

近年来,采石场大面积弃渣边坡无防护堆积和坡面水土流失等问题严重.文章基于"蓄水范式"理念,以山阴县小娘娘山采石场为例,采用理论研究与实用施工技术相结合的方法,提出一套因地制宜的弃渣边坡稳定技术,该技术包括蓄水稳定技术设计和配套措施设计,以研究区内的一处弃渣边坡为示范点进行了实际设计和施工.结果表明,弃渣边坡稳定技术能有效提高弃渣边坡的稳定性和蓄水能力,施工方便、成本低,在实际工程中具有广泛地推广性.     

餐厨垃圾处理厂规划用地控制标准研究

介绍了现有规范中餐厨垃圾处理厂用地标准,分析了现有标准中处理厂分类标准以及综合用地指标等方面存在的问题,结合现状全国餐厨垃圾处理厂建设情况对处理厂处理工艺进行了分析,并重点对影响处理厂用地面积的两个核心因素——设计规模和用地指标进行了研究,从而得出科学合理的处理厂规划用地控制标准.规划新增餐厨垃圾处理厂时应采用先进工艺(如厌氧&好氧协同工艺),经分析表明应依据实际情况并参考现有工程案例的分析结果确定设计规模和用地指标.     

基于物质流分析的钾素流动与循环研究

我国钾矿资源匮乏,自给率低,主要的使用和流动过程集中在种植业活动中.本研究利用物质流分析方法对2009年我国种植业生产和消费过程中钾素的流动和循环过程进行了解析.结果表明,农田土壤钾素平均亏损量达到50.4 kg·hm-2,大量钾素由陆生生态系统进入水生生态系统,造成资源流失.伴随降雨径流进入水环境的钾素达231.2万t·a-1,占当年化学钾肥施用量的40.97%.生活污水排放是钾素进入水体的另一主要途径,城市和农村区域的年排放量分别为67.1万t·a-1和54.7万t·a-1,占进入水环境钾素总量的19.00%和15.50%.其中通过城市污水处理厂排放进入地表水环境中钾素为50.5万t·a-1,占城市区域排放总量的75.25%.     

Quantitative analysis of microbial biomass yield in aerobic bioreactor

We have studied the integrated model of reaction rate equations with thermal energy balance in aerobic bioreactor for food waste decomposition and showed that the integrated model has the capability both of monitoring microbial activity in real time and of analyzing biodegradation kinetics and thermal-hydrodynamic properties. On the other hand, concerning microbial metabolism, it was known that balancing catabolic reactions with anabolic reactions in terms of energy and electron flow provides stoichiometric metabolic reactions and enables the estimation of microbial biomass yield (stoichiometric reaction model). We have studied a method for estimating real-time microbial biomass yield in the bioreactor during food waste decomposition by combining the integrated model with the stoichiometric reaction model. As a result, it was found that the time course of microbial biomass yield in the bioreactor during decomposition can be evaluated using the operational data of the bioreactor (weight of input food waste and bed temperature) by the combined model. The combined model can be applied to manage a food waste decomposition not only for controlling system operation to keep microbial activity stable, but also for producing value–added products such as compost on optimum condition.     

基于情景分析的城市餐厨垃圾处理方案研究

城市生态环境保护是生态文明建设的重要组成部分之一,而餐厨垃圾是影响城市生态环境的一种主要污染源,因此,有效处理餐厨垃圾也是当前城市生态环境保护的重要内容。本文以重庆市为例,针对其特殊的餐厨垃圾组成成分,调查分析了其主城区餐厨垃圾污染状况及处理难点,提出了3种主要处理方案情景并进行综合效益评价。结果表明建立餐厨垃圾小型处理站是最优方案,其成本效益核算结果说明当政府基金和垃圾产量有限时,也可采用缩小处理站规模以达到最高的组合效益。     

土地利用方式改变对红树林沉积物中营养元素含量的影响

以广西、广东、海南等地代表性红树林湿地为对象,研究红树林湿地利用方式的改变对沉积物有机碳、总硫、总氮和总磷等营养元素的含量变化和影响,结果表明：1）广东和海南红树林区总氮和总磷变化相似,均为：沉积物〉农田〉鱼塘〉光滩,广西大冠沙稍有不同,光滩的氮磷含量最低;有机碳和总硫含量各地稍有差异,但是红树林沉积物中的有机碳,总硫...     

Assessing field vulnerability to phosphorus loss in Beijing agricultural area using Revised Field Phosphorus Ranking Scheme

Guanting Reservoir,one of the drinking water supply sources of Beijing,suffers from water eutrophication.It is mainly supplied by Guishui River.Thus,to investigate the reasons of phosphorus(P)loss and improve the P management strategies in Guishui River watershed are important for the safety of drinking water in this region.In this study,a Revised Field P Ranking Scheme(PRS)was developed to reflect the field vulnerability of P loss at the field scale based on the Field PRS.In this new scheme,six factors are included, and each one was assigned a relative weight and a determination method.The affecting factors were classified into transport factors and source factors,and,the standards of environmental quality on surface water and soil erosion classification and degradation of the China were used in this scheme.By the new scheme,thirty-four fields in the Guishui River were categorized as"low","medium"or"high"potential for P loss into the runoff.The results showed that the P loss risks of orchard and vegetable fields were higher than that of corn and soybean fields.The source factors were the main factors to affect P loss from the study area.In the study area,controlling P input and improving P usage efficiency are critical to decrease P loss.Based on the results,it was suggested that more attention should be paid on the fields of vegetable and orchard since they have extremely high usage rate of P and high soil test of E Compared with P surplus by field measurements,the Revised Field PRS was more suitable for reflecting the characteristics of fields,and had higher potential capacity to identify critical source areas of P loss than PRS.     

Carbon footprint of food - approaches from national input-output statistics and a LCA of a food portion

The aim of the study, on which this paper is based, was to provide guidance to consumers to make environmentally responsible choices in their food consumption, to assist food supply chain stakeholders to identify the key areas for environmental improvements, and to provide policy makers with a tool for monitoring the potential impacts on climate change resulting from developments within the food sector. At the macro level, the EIO-LCA model was developed specifically for the Finnish food chain; at the micro level, LCAs were performed on 30 lunch portions. The contribution of the Finnish food chain to climate change was 14%, which comprised 40% CO₂ emissions, 25% CH₄ emissions, and 34% N₂O emissions. The share of impacts from domestic agricultural processes was the highest, at 69%. The impact of a single lunch portion ranged between 0.65 and 3.80 kg of equivalent CO₂. According to the EIO-LCA model, the average impact was 7.7 kg CO₂ eq/person daily. The consumer phase accounted for between 8 and 47% of the climate change impacts for homemade portions. In ready-to-eat portions industry and retail phases were emphasized, representing 25-38% of climate change impacts. We present an approach to steer the Finnish food sector onto an environmentally sustainable path; practical tools for consumers and farmers will especially need to be developed further.