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261.
能源安全综合评价方法探讨   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
能源安全是指一个国家或地区可以获取稳定、足量、经济、清洁的能源供给,以满足需求,保障经济社会稳健运行和持续、协调发展的能力和状态。它可用加权综合模型计算得来的"能源安全度"指数进行描述,取值范围最高为1,最低为0,分值越高越安全。研究表明,现实情景下,我国能源安全度平均为0.712 5,处于"基本安全"状态。未来发展规划得当,措施得力,到2020年、2030年能源安全度可提高到0.841 1、0.847 7,进入"安全"区间。若遇针对我国的能源封锁,则能源安全度可能会降至0.552 0的"不安全"区间。解决我国能源安全问题的关键,主要是增加战略储备、实行供应多元化、加强地质勘查、发展替代能源、提高能源效益,而且能源外交也要摆在显著位置。  相似文献   
262.
全氟化合物的生物富集效应研究进展   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
研究污染物的生物富集效应,对于预测污染物在生物体内的含量、建立环境标准以及评估污染物的生态风险具有重要的意义。结合近年来国内外报道的有关全氟化合物(PFCs)的生物浓缩因子(BCF)、生物富集因子(BAF)、生物放大因子(BMF)和营养级放大因子(TMF)等参数,对PFCs的生物富集效应及其影响因素进行了综述。研究结果表明,氟代碳原子数高于7的PFCs一般在生物体或食物链(网)上具有生物富集效应,而氟代碳原子数低于7的PFCs的生物富集效应较低。PFCs的理化性质(碳链长度、碳链末端基团类型和是否含有支链等)、生物的种类及其生理生化参数(体长、体重和性别等)和环境条件(生态系统的组成、水温和污染物含量等)等都影响PFCs在生物体内或食物链(网)上的富集。综观当前研究成果,PFCs在食物链(网)上生物放大效应研究主要集中于极地地区海洋食物网,应加强其他区域(特别是典型污染区域)、各种类型食物网(如淡水食物网和陆生食物网)上PFCs的生物富集效应及其影响因素研究,为全面评估PFCs的生态风险提供基础数据。  相似文献   
263.
投饵养鱼对潘家口水库藻类生长影响的围隔试验研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
吴敏  黄岁樑  杜胜蓝  臧常娟  高峰  林超  罗阳 《生态环境》2010,19(8):1906-1911
设置投饵、投饵单养花鲢(Aristichthisnobilis)、投饵单养鲤鱼(Cyprinuscarpio)、投饵混养花鲢和鲤鱼以及空白对照5个围隔及水库背景水体,研究投饵养鱼对潘家口水库浮游藻类生长和群落结构的影响。结果发现,试验期间水库水体和空白对照围隔中总藻平均密度分别为2.60×10^6L^-1和3.38×10^6L^-1,均以蓝藻和绿藻为主且基本保持稳定状态;投饵能有效促进藻类生长,只投饵围隔中总藻平均密度达到1.17×10^8L^-1,藻种组成向单一鱼腥藻(Anabaena)方向演替;养殖花鲢抑制藻的生长,参照只投饵围隔,抑制率接近80%,绿藻占据极大优势,其中栅藻(Scenedesmussp)、芒锥藻(Errerellabornhemiensisconr)和空星藻(Coelastrumsp)成为优势藻种;投饵养殖鲤鱼也能有效降低藻生物量,总藻平均密度为4.07×10^7L^-1,绿藻占总藻的比例由27%增加到95%,其中空星藻和小球藻(ChlorellavulgarisBeij)为优势藻种;投饵混养花鲢和鲤鱼围隔中总藻密度稍高于单养花鲢和鲤鱼围隔,为4.37×10^7L^-1,栅藻和鱼腥藻为优势藻种。  相似文献   
264.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/American Petroleum Institute (API) Standard 780 Security Risk Assessment (SRA) Methodology was published in June 2013 as a U. S. standard for security risk assessments on petroleum and petrochemical facilities. The standard represents a model standard for evaluating all security risks of petroleum and petrochemical infrastructure and operations and assists industries in more thoroughly and consistently conducting SRAs. The 2013 Standard is an update from the previous API/NPRA SRA Methodology (2004) and focuses on expanding functional utility without changing the basic methodology.The methodology can be applied to a wide range of assets even beyond the typical operating facilities of the industry. This includes refining and petrochemical manufacturing operations, pipelines, and transportation operations including truck, marine, and rail, as well as worker and executive security, housing compounds, and remote operational sites. The new standard describes the most efficient and thorough approach for assessing security risks widely applicable to the types of facilities operated by the industry and the security issues they face. It is voluntary but has been adopted by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Interior High Commission for Industrial Security as the mandatory security risk assessment methodology for industrial facilities.This paper examines the key elements of the ANSI/API SRA process and discusses how forward thinking organizations may use risk-based performance metrics to systematically analyze facility security postures and identify appropriately scaled and fiscally responsible countermeasures based on current and projected threats. The AcuTech Consulting Group developed the methodology under contract to the API, and the author was the project manager for the project.  相似文献   
265.
Thai food industry employs a massive number of skilled and unskilled workers. This may result in an industry with high incidences and accident rates. To improve safety and reduce the accident figures, this paper investigates factors influencing safety implementation in small, medium, and large food companies in Thailand. Five factors, i.e., management commitment, stakeholders’ role, safety information and communication, supportive environment, and risk, are found important in helping to improve safety implementation. The statistical analyses also reveal that small, medium, and large food companies hold similar opinions on the risk factor, but bear different perceptions on the other 4 factors. It is also found that to improve safety implementation, the perceptions of safety goals, communication, feedback, safety resources, and supervision should be aligned in small, medium, and large companies.  相似文献   
266.
ABSTRACT

The global industrial food system is increasingly recognised as a source of poor health that deepens social and economic inequity. Health advocates, policy makers, and food activists strive to improve nutrition and food access across racial and ethnic divides; however, given established approaches, they may miss fundamental pathways for improving health and justice comprehensively. While food access and nutrition are often identified as primary concerns for marginalised communities and the reason for food insecurity and food-related illness, critical food justice scholars use a more expansive lens to suggest a democratised food system is needed, and that solutions based solely in access to healthy food can undermine more systemic approaches. Our research extends this analysis, highlighting the importance of endemic food culture (foodways) as a tool for retaining identity, building community, and maintaining health among refugee populations in one community in Salt Lake City, Utah. Further, this work suggests that community engagement and expertise is essential in leveraging foodways such that marginalised communities can effectively resist cheap, unhealthy, and placeless calories.  相似文献   
267.
Jesse McEntee 《Local Environment》2013,18(9-10):785-803
The increasingly popular local food movement in the US has experienced wide-scale buy-in on behalf of the general public as well as in academic arenas. However, there have been recent efforts to critique this movement, typically for being inequitable and unfairly geared towards those with above-average financial means. In this article, I examine local food efforts and present a new conceptualisation of food localism. While geographically localised food consumption activities are taking place, some have ideological labels attached to them, whereas others do not. What I have termed contemporary and traditional localisms exist in the same physical but different social space. The contemporary local is represented by current local food initiatives and corresponding aspirations to support local farmers and to promote sustainability through local purchasing behaviour. The traditional local, on the other hand, is similar in that it represents food growing activities that are in close geographical proximity to consumption, but lacks the motivation associated with the contemporary local's programmatic literature; instead, it is guided by a motivation to obtain fresh and affordable food. I substantiate the contemporary/traditional localism framework with qualitative fieldwork findings from Grafton County, New Hampshire, USA, and describe the practical as well as conceptual implications of this framework.  相似文献   
268.
Abstract

This study compares energy use for food transport to a farmers' market in Sweden with energy use for transport in the conventional food system. The farmers' market was investigated through data sampling from on-site investigations. The conventional food system was studied with the aid of life cycle assessments reported in the literature. Overall, the study found no significant differences in levels of energy use for transport to the farmers' market compared with the conventional food system. For certain products, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, transport-related energy use was much lower in the local system although the season in Sweden for this kind of product is restricted to two or three months at the end of the summer. However, there is considerable potential to increase energy efficiency in local food systems by organizing the selling in new ways and by using more energy efficient vehicles.  相似文献   
269.
采用RT-PCR和RACE法,克隆得到斑鳢、鲢鱼CYPlA与斑鳢HSP70基因cDNA的核心序列,序列长度分别为908 bp、902 bp、684 bp,分别编码302、300、228个氨基酸;还克隆得到斑鳢、近江牡蛎GPX基因cDNA的部分序列,长度分别为720 bp、727 bp,分别编码119、232个氨基酸.多个重要养殖水生动物的去毒相关基因的成功克隆,为水产养殖动物去毒相关基因结构、功能、表达调控研究以及今后定向筛选高食用安全保障的水产品奠定基础.  相似文献   
270.
Does copper reduce cadmium uptake by different rice genotypes?   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
A hydroponics experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of copper (Cu) on cadmium (Cd), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) uptake by several rice genotypes. The experiment was carried out as a 2×2×4 factorial with four rice genotypes and two levels of Cu and Cd in nutrient solution. Plants were grown in a growth chamber with controlled environment. The results showed a significant difference between the biomass of different rice genotypes (P 〈 0.001). The Cd and Cu concentration in the solution had no significant effect on the biomass. The addition of Cu significantly decreased Cd uptake by shoots and roots of rice (P 〈 0.001). The Cd concentration did not significantly influence Ca uptake by plants, whereas the Cu concentration did (P = 0.034). There was a significant influence of Cd on Fe uptake by shoots and roots (P 〈 0.001, P = 0.003, respectively). Zn uptake decreased significantly as the addition of Cd and Cu increased in shoots. We concluded that Cu had significant influence on Cd uptake. The possible mechanisms were discussed.  相似文献   
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