Increasing food production at the expense of tropical forests

An attempt is made to estimate to what extent it is possible to increase food production by conversion of forest land to agricultural land. To accomplish this two different approaches have been explored. The first one represents the possibility of developing a comprehensive model capable of taking into account the various processes influencing the food production. It is judged that this approach cannot provide a realistic result due to insufficient knowledge of the processes involved, and lack of reliable data. Instead a simple, heuristic method has been applied. The main sources of information used include data representing the soil of the deforested land, the decline of the productivity of the land gained, and the length of time it can be used for agricultural production. Although this method also has its obvious limitations, there are reasons to believe it permits certain conclusions can be safely drawn: (a) even if each year the area of agricultural land is increased by a given amount through removal of forest, there will be no gain of the agricultural production after a few years; and (b) to achieve a constant annual increase of the food production will require that each year the area of forest removal is increased. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

植物性食品中拟除虫菊酯类农药测定方法的改进

基于色素和含水率两方面的考虑,选用了大米、荼叶和西红柿作为实验介质,在植物性食品中拟除虫菊酯类农药提取条件和净化条件等方面均进行了改进和优化.结果发现,采用正己烷/丙酮混合液(97.5∶2.5,V/V)提取植物性食品中菊酯类农药,40～50℃下超声萃取40min;选用弗罗里硅土和活性炭混合填充物制作层析柱;选用石油醚/乙酸乙酯(9∶1,V/V)作为洗脱溶剂,实验回收率达70%以上,结果令人满意.     

Exploring changes in Ecuadorian land use for food production and their effects on natural resources

A model is used for the dynamic and spatially explicit exploration of near future agricultural land-use changes. In a case study for Ecuador, different plausible scenarios are formulated, taking into account possible developments in national food demand until the year 2010. The protection of nature parks and restrictions due to land degradation are evaluated with respect to their possible spatial impacts on the land-use change dynamics within the country. Under the assumptions of the demand scenarios, agricultural land-use expands significantly, resulting in more use of land in existing agricultural areas and frontier-type expansion into relatively undisturbed natural areas. The patterns of change depend on the increase in demand, competition between land-use types, changes in driving factors of land use, and the area and characteristics of land that is excluded from agricultural use. The modelled land-use dynamics are related to their possible impacts on the natural resource base, specifically soil fertility. The results indicate potential negative effects of land-use changes on the soil nutrient balance and biodiversity. It is argued that spatial and temporal quantification of land-use dynamics at the landscape level can support research and policies aimed at understanding the driving factors of land-use change and the behaviour of complex agro-ecosystems under changing conditions at different scales. In this way, issues dealing with sustainable food production and the management of the natural resource base can be addressed in a more integrated and quantitative manner.     

Fish consumption reduces transfer of BDE47 from dam to murine offspring

Fish and seafood are important contributions to a healthy diet, but also contain persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Discrepancies have been found between intake and accumulated levels of POPs, where fish consumers have had similar levels of POPs to the general population. Similarly fish oil consumption has been found to reduce accumulation of POPs. This study examined the accumulation of BDE47 or PCB153 in mice fed diets with different nutritional composition, using female mice with pre-weanling pups exposed through gestation and lactation. A fish-based diet was compared to a standard casein-based rodent diet. All diets had low background levels of environmental contaminants and were spiked with BDE47 or PCB153 to levels representing a realistic (∼0.004 μmol kgbw⁻¹ d) or a high dietary exposure (∼1.3 μmol kgbw⁻¹ d). Accumulation of BDE47 or PCB153 in offspring tissues after 18 d lactation reflected the maternal exposure levels. However, the pups of dams fed a fish-based diet had consistently lower BDE47 accumulation in liver, fat and stomach than pups from casein-fed dams. Similarly the pups of dams fed a high dose of PCB153 in a fish diet also accumulated less PCB153 than pups of the dams fed a casein diet, although not significant. In conclusion, the fish based diets seemed to reduce transfer of BDE47 and PCB153 from dams to pups. The study highlights that in-depth knowledge about nutritional impact on toxicokinetics is of great interest to vulnerable consumers.     

计算机网络风险防范数据仓库的研究与设计

随着全球信息化进程的推进,网络风险已经成为阻碍信息化进程的一个重要因素,网络安全问题成为公众关注的焦点.计算机网络安全事件包括病毒、木马、蠕虫、网络监听、黑客攻击、恶意软件、网页仿冒、僵尸网络等,为帮助网民更加有效地防范网络安全事件,针对网络风险防范数据管理的特点,开展了网络风险防范数据库和数据仓库的研究与设计.该研究通过收集、整理和分析一些权威网站关于各种网络安全事件的统计信息以及历年的网络安全调查报告,以SQL Server 2000作为数据库管理系统,建立了一个关于具体网络安全事件的数据库和数据仓库,其中数据仓库中存储了病毒、木马、僵尸网络、网络钓鱼等具体网络安全事件在不同月份或年份的统计信息.随着数据库中数据的不断完善和充分,可以进一步建立挖掘模型,分析这些历史数据,从而为网络安全风险防范提供基础支持.     

A photovoice assessment for illuminating the role of inland fisheries to livelihoods and the local challenges experienced through the lens of fishers in a climate-driven lake of Malawi

Small-scale inland capture fisheries provide an important source of nutritious food, employment and income to millions of people in developing countries, particularly in rural environments where limited alternatives exist. However, the sector is one of most under-valued fisheries sectors and is increasingly experiencing environmental change. This study adopts a Sustainable Livelihoods Approach and investigates how important a fluctuating inland fishery is to livelihoods, and how local perceptions on challenges corresponds to global evidence. Through an innovative participatory method; photovoice, the lived experiences and perceptions of fishers are depicted. The findings illuminate the valuable role of the sector to food and nutrition security and the complex nexus with vulnerability to climate change. The study responds to the call for more local level assessments of the impacts of climate change on inland fisheries in data-limited environments, and the value of the sector in underpinning the Sustainable Development Goals. Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01583-1.     

两段式热解厨余垃圾实验研究

通过厨余垃圾的工业分析,发现其挥发分比例较高,适合热解利用;采用热重分析方法分析了不同条件下厨余垃圾的热解特性,提出了厨余垃圾两段式热解转化利用的思路,得出了厨余垃圾热解的合适工艺条件。在自行设计建造的一段回转炉、二段焦化罐中对厨余垃圾热解,并分析了产物的组成和性质。     

安全监控设备太阳能与市电冗余供电系统的设计研究

为了提高安全监控系统供电电源的可靠性,或者是为重点监测设备提供冗余电源,本文设计了市电与太阳能发电系统给设备冗余供电的方案,通过研究设备所处地的太阳能资源具体情况与负载的特性和容量,经过合理的设计与优化计算后得出了太阳能发电系统的具体参数。据此设计的系统能很好地满足油田安全监控的供电需求,经过半年多的运行,结果表明本文所设计的冗余供电系统既能经济环保的运行又能很好的满足实际需求。     

基于AHP的校园安全评价指标研究

通过对校园安全隐患的调查和分析,提出应用层次分析法和模糊综合评价所构建的AHP模型对校园安全进行评价,并结合实例给出了应用模型进行评价的步骤和方法。评价结果表明,建立的校园安全评价体系科学、合理、简单易行,具有可行性和指导性。