Overview of deaths associated with natural events, United States, 1979–2004

Analysis of the National Center for Health Statistics' Compressed Mortality File showed that between 1979 and 2004, natural events caused 21,491 deaths in the United States. During this 26-year period, there were 10,827 cold-related deaths and 5,279 heat-related deaths. Extreme cold or heat accounted for 75 per cent of the total number of deaths attributed to natural events— more than all of deaths resulting from lightning, storms and foods, and earth movements, such as earthquakes and landslides. Cold-related death rates were highest in the states of Alaska, Montana, New Mexico, and South Dakota, while heat-related deaths were highest in the states of Arizona, Missouri, and Arkansas. These deaths occurred more often among the elderly and black men. Other deaths were attributed to lightning (1,906), storms and foods (2,741), and earth movements (738). Most deaths associated with natural events are preventable and society can take action to decrease the morbidity and mortality connected with them.     

The underutilization of street markets as a source of food security indicators in famine early warning systems: a case study of Ethiopia

Famine Early Warning Systems (EWS) are reliant on data aggregated from multiple sources. Consequently, they are often insensitive to localized changes in food security status, leading to delayed response or interventions. While price and infrastructural data are often gathered, this case study suggests that local street markets and vendor knowledge are underutilized. Few efforts have been made to monitor systematically the street markets as an indicator of local stressors. Findings from Ethiopia show that knowledge generated by expanding food security indicators in this sector can be used in combination with EWS to facilitate earlier intervention in, or to monitor more effectively, on-going humanitarian crises. Indicators developed from this study are accurate, cost effective, and sensitive to local climatic and food stressors.     

水资源安全基本概念与研究进展

关于水安全与水资源安全,目前仍没有明确的界定与相对明确公认的概念。针对该问题,对国内外关于水安全与水资源安全概念的界定做了回顾与评述。讨论了水资源安全的主体,提出水资源安全的主体是人,水资源安全基础是健康的水循环,水循环包括自然水循环与社会经济系统水循环。基于以上认识,阐述了广义的和狭义的水资源安全的内涵,强调水资源系统是一个开放的、动态的系统,涉及自然和社会经济复合系统中的诸多子系统,人类必须与水资源系统和谐共处,合理分享水资源,水循环系统才会健康运行。指出水资源安全的目标是保证人类的生存与发展而不因水资源的问题而受到威胁。     

新农村规划建设中的生态安全问题探析

针对我国农村日益严峻的生态安全形势,通过从增强农业防疫及防灾减灾能力、大力发展资源节约型和环境友好型农业两个方面,分析了构筑农村生态安全体系的基本要求。结合湖南汉寿村庄布局规划实践,提出从促进农村产业发展、加强基础设施建设、注重自然资源保护等3个方面,制订村庄生态安全规划措施,发挥村庄规划对农村建设的指导作用,消除涉及村民生产、生活、生存安全的各类生态隐患的基本思路。希望能对村庄规划理论提供一些补充,为推进新农村建设提供一些借鉴。     

基于哈默“人的差错理论”的道路交通安全研究

以道路交通安全系统为背景,人的差错为研究方向,运用"哈默"人的差错分类理论,从机动车驾驶员和非机动车驾驶员、乘客及行人两种人群的差错角度,对2004—2006年3年间我国交通事故发生率和死亡人数进行较有针对性的分析归类和研究,进而分别提出基于主动性和被动性两方面的交通事故人因预防措施。通过"哈默"全新的分类方法,全面分析交通行为中人的差错类型,为道路交通事故预防体系的研究、建立以及进一步的发展,提供了有参考价值的基于人的行为机理的理论依据和合理化建议。     

餐厨垃圾管理的现状、问题及对策

针对我国餐厨垃圾产生量大、产生面广,餐厨垃圾含水率高、有机质含量高、容易污染环境的特点,分析研究了我国餐厨垃圾的产生现状、处理技术和工程概况,指出了当前我国餐厨垃圾管理中存在的主要问题,并提出了有关对策。     

食品质量与安全专业课程改革实践

专业课程改革以职业实践活动为导向,以职业资格认定为目标,以工学结合为切入点,将职业学习与工作领域相统一作为改革的总体思路。食品质量与安全专业经过努力,专业课程改革建设中取得了一定的成效,至2008年已建成《食品微生物学及微生物检验》一门院级精品课。     

生物入侵对生态环境的影响及对策

外来入侵种侵入新的栖息地后,会在该生境所处的生态系统中占据相应的生态位,严重影响当地物种的生存和发展,制约社会经济发展。生物入侵的途径多种多样,生物入侵现状十分严峻。面对这一事实,应采取以预防为主、综合防治的办法,尽量将生物入侵造成的危害降到最低,维护生态平衡,确保生态环境安全。     

Re‐thinking water scarcity: Can science and technology solve the global water crisis?

This paper provides examples from the last fifty years of scientific and technological innovations that provide relatively easy, quick and affordable means of addressing key water management issues. Scientific knowledge and technological innovation can help open up previously closed decision‐making systems. Four of these tools are discussed in this paper: a) the opportunities afforded by virtual water trade; b) the silent revolution for beneficial use of groundwater; c) salt water desalination; and finally, d) the use of remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). Together these advances are changing the options available to address water and food security that have been predominant for centuries in the minds of most water decision‐makers.     

谈高校的火灾特点及消防安全工作

高等学校人员密集,珍贵文献、标本、贵重仪器多,蜡烛、烟头、违章用电等可引起高校火灾的发生.一旦发生火灾,容易造成众多人员伤亡和重大财产损失.高校要通过加强消防宣传教育,完善校内消防器材设施等来开展消防工作.