不同组织碳、氮元素含量和同位素分馏特征研究—以抚仙湖草鱼、鱇浪白鱼为例

结合抚仙湖浮游植物、水生植物等样品,对野生植食性草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)31个组织和野生肉食性鱇浪白鱼(Anabarilius grahami)17个组织样品碳、氮元素含量和稳定同位素比值(δ13C、δ15N)进行了对比分析.结果显示,鱼类不同组织的碳稳定同位素分馏效应显著,草鱼不同组织...     

Assessing the Effectiveness of a Constructed Arctic Stream Using Multiple Biological Attributes

Objective assessment of habitat compensation is a central yet challenging issue for restoration ecologists. In 1997, a 3.4-km stream channel, designed to divert water around an open pit diamond mine, was excavated in the Barrenlands region of the Canadian Arctic to create productive stream habitat. We evaluated the initial success of this compensation program by comparing multiple biological attributes of the constructed stream during its first three years to those of natural reference streams in the area. The riparian zone of the constructed stream was largely devoid of vegetation throughout the period, in contrast to the densely vegetated zones of reference streams. The constructed stream also contained lower amounts of woody debris, coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM), and epilithon; had lower coverage by macrophytes and bryophytes; and processed leaf litter at a lower rate than reference streams. Species richness and densities of macroinvertebrates were consistently lower in the constructed stream compared to natural streams. This contributed to differences in macroinvertebrate assemblage structure throughout the period, although assemblages showed some convergence by year 3. The effectiveness of the constructed stream to emulate natural streams varied somewhat depending on the biological attribute being evaluated. Assessments based on individual attributes showed that minimal to moderate levels of similarity between the constructed stream and natural streams were achieved. A collective assessment of all biological and ecosystem attributes suggested that the constructed stream was not a good surrogate for natural streams during these first years. Additional time would be required before many characteristics of the constructed stream would resemble those of reference streams. Because initial efforts to improve fish habitat in the constructed stream focused on physical structures (e.g., weirs, vanes, rock, groins), ecological factors limiting fish growth were not considered and likely constrained success. We suggest that a greater focus on organic characteristics and vegetation within the stream and its riparian zone could have accelerated compensation. The addition of woody debris and CPOM, combined with planting of shrubs and herbs along the stream, should provide a source of allochthonous matter for the biotic community while large cobble and boulders should improve the physical stability of stream system, protecting its organic components.     

Cumulative Industrial Activity Alters Lotic Fish Assemblages in Two Boreal Forest Watersheds of Alberta,Canada

We evaluated the cumulative effects of land use disturbance resulting from forest harvesting, and exploration and extraction of oil and gas resources on the occurrence and structure of stream fish assemblages in the Kakwa and Simonette watersheds in Alberta, Canada. Logistic regression models showed that the occurrence of numerically dominant species in both watersheds was related to two metrics defining industrial activity (i.e., percent disturbance and road density), in addition to stream wetted width, elevation, reach slope, and percent fines. Occurrences of bull trout, slimy sculpin, and white sucker were negatively related to percent disturbance and that of Arctic grayling, and mountain whitefish were positively related to percent disturbance and road density. Assessments of individual sites showed that 76% of the 74 and 46 test sites in the Kakwa and Simonette watersheds were possibly impaired or impaired. Impaired sites in the Kakwa Watershed supported lower densities of bull trout, mountain whitefish, and rainbow trout, but higher densities of Arctic grayling compared to appropriate reference sites. Impaired sites in the Simonette Watershed supported lower densities of bull trout, but higher densities of lake chub compared to reference sites. Our data suggest that current levels of land use disturbance alters the occurrence and structure of stream fish assemblages.     

污染物对鱼类的甲状腺激素干扰效应及其作用机制

环境中可以影响生物体甲状腺激素合成、运输、作用和代谢等过程的化学污染物称为甲状腺激素干扰物(TDCs),TDCs被认为是继环境雌激素之后最重要的一类内分泌干扰物.鱼类甲状腺的结构、甲状腺激素的转运和功能等与哺乳动物有较大差别.与哺乳动物相比,污染物干扰鱼类甲状腺激素的研究还较为缺乏.在介绍鱼类甲状腺结构、功能以及甲状腺激素在鱼体内动态过程的基础上,分析了污染物对鱼类的甲状腺激素干扰效应及其作用机制,探讨了今后鱼类甲状腺激素干扰研究的主要方向.污染物能对鱼类甲状腺激素水平、相关酶活性及甲状腺结构等产生直接影响;同时,污染物还可以通过干扰鱼类甲状腺系统对由甲状腺激素调节的重要生理过程如生长、繁殖和发育等产生间接影响.污染物主要通过干扰鱼类甲状腺激素的合成与分泌、转运、清除以及与甲状腺激素受体(TR)的相互作用等机制对鱼类产生不利影响.在污染物对鱼类甲状腺激素干扰的研究中,今后应重点关注环境中"新型"卤化有机污染物、鱼类早期发育过程与甲状腺激素干扰效应的关系、TR介导机制以及TDCs的筛选方法等.     

洪泽湖鱼体内重金属含量调查

对洪泽湖鱼体中的Pb、Cd、Cu、Cr、Zn等5种重金属进行了测定,分析了不同重金属在鱼的组织器官中的含量分布情况,并重点探讨了重金属在鱼体内的富集规律。结果显示：同一类组织器官中重金属的含量、同一金属在不同组织器官中的分布、不同鱼类对同种金属元素的吸收积累存在显著差异,5种重金属的含量以肌肉中的含量最低;均值型指数法显示,鱼样中肌肉组织残毒污染较小,属于微污染到轻污染级别;污染负荷比说明洪泽湖鱼体残毒的主要污染因子是铅、镉。     

废水现状毒性试验(鱼类)方法的宏观质量控制因素分析

工业废水急性毒性污染的监测,以鱼类毒性试验的应用最为普及。与毒性达标控制的监测监管相比,毒性现状测定更有助于支持毒性污染预警监管的实施。通过对已知物质毒性试验结果的多次验证,证实由鱼类种类决定的方法检出限、实验中使用鱼类的种类形式、同种试验鱼的不同来源和依照"预实验"线性对现状进行的反推等4方面因素中除试验鱼的来源问题外,其余3因素已构成了对实验结果的决定性影响。3种宏观质量影响因素中,反推影响更难于实施质量控制。以现状表述为主要目标的毒性试验应尽可能回避稀释过程。     

Integrating Large Wood Jams into Hydraulic Models: Evaluating a Porous Plate Modeling Method

Large wood (LW) jams are key riverine habitat features that affect hydraulic processes and aquatic habitat. The hydraulic influence of LW jams is poorly understood due to the complexity of fluid dynamics around irregular, porous structures. Here we validated a method for two‐dimensional hydraulic modeling of porous LW jams using the open‐source modeling software Delft3D‐FLOW. We sampled 19 LW jams at three reaches across the Columbia River Basin in the United States. We used computer‐generated porous plates to represent LW jams in the modeling software and calibrated our modeling method by comparing model outputs to measured depths and velocities at validation points. We found that modeling outputs are error‐prone when LW jams are not represented. By representing LW jams as porous plates we reduced average velocity root mean square error (RMSE) values (i.e., improved model accuracy) by 42.8% and reduced average depth RMSE values by 5.2%. These differences impacted habitat suitability index modeling. We found a 15.1% increase in weighted useable area for juvenile steelhead at one test site when LW jams were simulated vs. when they were ignored. We investigated patterns in average RMSE improvements with varying jam size, bankfull obstruction, porosity, and structure type, and river complexity. We also identified research gaps related to field estimation of LW jam porosity and porous structure modeling methods.     

Suspended-Sediment Concentration Regimes for Two Biological Reference Streams in Middle Tennessee1

Diehl, Timothy H. and William J. Wolfe, 2010. Suspended-Sediment Concentration Regimes for Two Biological Reference Streams in Middle Tennessee. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 824-837. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00460.x Abstract: Temporal patterns of suspended-sediment concentration (SSC) duration and frequency (SSC regimes) were characterized and compared with biological impairment thresholds for two headwater streams in the Western Highland Rim of Tennessee. The SSC regimes were plotted as curves showing concentrations and durations of the annual longest and tenth-longest SSC excursions above 18 concentrations for water years 2005-2008 in Copperas Branch and water years 2006 and 2008 in Kelley Creek. Both streams have fish communities remarkably diverse for their small drainage basin areas (420 and 565 ha, respectively), and represent biological reference conditions with respect to SSC. SSC-regime curves were similar for the two sites across water years. The measured SSC regimes reached or exceeded published experimentally based SSC impairment thresholds and plotted below a proposed long-term SSC reference regime for the Interior Plateau ecoregion (Ecoregion 71), suggesting that neither the experimentally based thresholds nor the proposed SSC reference regime adequately reflect the relation between SSC and biological impairment for Western Highland Rim headwater streams. The SSC regimes of the two study streams were similar to the estimated SSC regime of an unimpaired East Tennessee trout stream. Additional field studies are needed to describe SSC regimes in streams of varying basin scale, level of impairment, and region.     

Selenium,total mercury and methylmercury in sardine: Study of molar ratio and protective effect on the diet

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the risk-benefit associated with canned sardine consumption, considering the selenium, the mercury and the methylmercury contents and the Se:Hg molar ratio and the Se-health benefit value (HBV) index. In this study, 63 canned sardine samples were purchased worldwide and for the determination of selenium and mercury species, the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and thermal decomposition and amalgamation atomic absorption spectrometry were employed. The mean results obtained for the Brazilian samples varied between 12.6 and 65.5?μg kg^?1 for Hg; <3.7 and 45.4?μg kg^?1 for methylmercury; 310 and 1370?μg kg^?1 for Se. The MeHg/Hg ratio showed that the most toxic forms of Hg (MeHg) is predominant in 52 and 39% of the Brazilian samples conserved in tomato sauce and in oil, respectively. Nevertheless, the Se-HBV index and the Hg:Se and Se:Hg molar ratios indicated that the selenium content in canned sardine samples is enough to provide a protective effect on the Hg species.     

嘉陵江干流鱼类群落生态结构分析

鱼类群落生态结构是群落生态学研究的一个热点问题。通过野外调查和资料分析发现,嘉陵江干流分布鱼类有156种,隶属于7目18科85属。依据所摄取食物类型的不同,这些鱼类可以划分为浮游动物食性、浮游植物食性、着生藻类食性、水生植物食性、水生昆虫食性、软体动物食性、肉食性和杂食性等8种食性类型。使用相似性指数和相似性分析方法,对嘉陵江上、中和下游的鱼类组成及群落生态结构组成分析发现：（1）从上游到下游,鱼类物种逐渐增加;（2）整个嘉陵江干流中,水生昆虫食性的鱼类占3141%,肉食性占1923%,着生藻类食性占1859%,软体动物食性的占1154%,浮游动物食性占1026%,杂食性占641%,水生植物食性占192%,浮游植物食性占064%;（3）从上游到下游,肉食性鱼类所占比例逐渐增加,以水生昆虫和着生藻类为食的鱼类所占比例则逐渐减少,相似性分析表明,嘉陵江各江段鱼类群落生态结构组成的差异不显著。嘉陵江干流鱼类群落生态结构的组成和变化与水生态系统结构和功能的变化密切相关