PERIVITELLINE pH OF SALMONIDE EGGS IN RELATION TO AMBIENT pH1

ABSTRACT: Eggs from salmon and brown trout were reared at 6 pH levels in the pH range 4.1–7.5. By micropuncture, the pH of the perivitelline fluid (PVF) was measured at different stages of development with an antimony microelectrode system. The pH of the PVF falls with decreased pH of the ambient media, although no point of equilibrium was found at the lower pH levels. When eggs were reared at pH levels 4.1–4.7, the pH of the PVF in salmon eggs was 0.4 units above the ambient media, while that in trout eggs was 1.0 pH units above. Decreased pH of the PVF during the later, actively ion accumulation, embryonic stages will subject the embryos to ion regulating stresses similar to those registered for adult fishes.     

A COMPARISON OF METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION OF BIOLOGICAL EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: Rapid biological information systems using aquatic organisms to monitor water and waste water quality have only recently begun to develop technologically for practical on-site applications. One approach which has been demonstrating its feasibility recently monitors the ventilatory behavior of fish to assess, for example, the quality of drinking water supplies and industrial waste water discharges. A comparison of the basic strategies of the various biological monitoring systems making use of this concept is presented. In addition, the applications and potential utilization of these systems are discussed.     

菱塘养鱼技术研究

报导了“菱塘养殖”的某些关键技术。它们包括：（１）通过品种结构调整，解决鱼菱相克的矛盾；（２）通过在菱群落“开天窗”，避免鱼窒息致死；（３）实行混合养殖，拓宽生态位；（４）通过鱼种投放量与鱼产量关系的研究，为鱼种合理搭配提供了科学依据。由于上述问题的解决，这种农业模式发挥了明显的经济效益。     

Developing the Ethical Delphi

A number of EU institutions and government committees across Europe have expressed interest in developing methods and decision-support tools to facilitate consideration of the ethical dimensions of biotechnology assessment. As part of the work conducted in the EC supported project on ethical tools (Ethical Bio-TA Tools), a number of ethical frameworks with the potential to support the work of public policy decision-makers has been characterized and evaluated. One of these potential tools is the Delphi method. The Delphi method was originally developed to assess variables that are intangible and/or shrouded in uncertainty by drawing on the knowledge and abilities of a diverse group of experts through a form of anonymous and iterative consultation. The method has hitherto been used by a diversity of practitioners to explore issues such as technology assessment, environmental planning, and public health measures. From the original (classical) Delphi, a family of Delphi-related processes has emerged. As a result of the evaluation of the various Delphi processes, it is proposed that the classical method can be further developed and applied as a form of ethical framework to assist policy-makers. Through a series of exercises and trials, an Ethical Delphi has been developed as a potential approach for characterizing ethical issues raised by the use of novel biotechnologies. Advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed. Further work is needed to develop the procedural aspects of the Ethical Delphi method and to test its use in different cultural contexts. However, utilizing an ethical framework of this type combines the advantages of a methodical approach to capture ethical aspects with the democratic virtues of transparency and openness to criticism. Ethical frameworks such as the Ethical Delphi should contribute to better understanding of and decision-making on issues that involve decisive ethical dimensions.     

重金属在北江鱼类和底栖动物体内的富集及污染评价

调查研究了北江中上游的鱼类、虾、螺和蚬,以及鲤鱼体内不同组织中重金属Pb、Cd、Hg、As的含量,并采用污染指数法对重金属的污染进行了评价。调查结果显示,不同水生动物体对同种重金属元素的富集量存在较大差异,而同一水生动物体对不同重金属元素的富集能力也有很大区别。北江鱼体肌肉中不同重金属的污染程度由强至弱的顺序为:CdPbHgAs;不同水生动物体的可食部分重金属综合污染水平由高至低依次为:蚬螺虾鱼。鱼体中不同器官组织对重金属的蓄积能力差异巨大,北江鲤鱼体内各器官组织蓄积重金属总量依次为:内脏鳃脂肪肌肉。该次调查采集的北江底栖类动物样品已明显受到重金属污染,达不到无公害水产品安全要求;而北江鱼类肌肉则满足无公害水产品安全要求。     

辽河流域环境要素对水生态的影响

为了分析流域内气候、地形地貌和人类活动对水生态的影响,分别于2009年8月和2010年6月对辽河流域76个采样点的鱼类和底栖动物进行了调查采样。运用统计学的相关分析和典型相关分析,从流域尺度分别建立了气候、地形地貌、土地利用类型与鱼类和底栖动物生物多样性的关联。结果表明,鱼类多样性与年均日照时数、草地用地比例、耕地用地比例、城市用地呈显著负相关,与多年平均降水量、相对湿度和水域的用地比例呈显著正相关;底栖多样性与年均日照时数、林地、草地、耕地用地比例呈显著负相关,与坡度、NDVI、多年平均降水量、相对湿度和水域的用地比例呈显著正相关。典型相关分析表明对水生生生物影响最大的环境要素是多年平均温度、坡度和水域用地。     

四溴联苯醚对剑尾鱼毒性及其抗氧化系统的影响

研究了四溴联苯醚(tetrabromodiphenyl ether,BDE-47)对剑尾鱼的急性毒性及其肝脏还原型谷光甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及7-乙氧基异吩恶唑酮-脱乙基酶(EROD)活性的影响.结果表明,BDE-47对剑尾鱼毒性作用属于高毒.GST和EROD...     

Bioaccumulation of metals in human blood in industrially contaminated area

The consumption of contaminated food crops, meat and milk has significantly increased the concentrations of trace metals in human blood as compared to the control area.     

海洋生物样品中多溴联苯醚和多溴联苯的分析研究

将气相色谱-负离子化学源／质谱法(GC-NCI/MS)应用于分析海洋生物中五种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和五种多溴联苯(PBBs)残留.样品以正己烷／丙酮(1:l,v/v)作为提取剂,采用超声萃取法,提取液经酸性硅胶和中性硅胶层析柱净化和正己烷洗脱后,以PCB-103为内标物和GC-NCI/M的选择离子监测方式(SIM)...     

渭河流域鱼类群落结构特征及其受环境因子的影响分析

本文以渭河流域为研究区,调查了全流域45个点位的鱼类群落和水环境理化特征,采用聚类分析确定渭河流域主要的鱼类群落分布类型,并运用典范对应分析方法(Canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)识别影响渭河流域鱼类群落结构的主要环境因子.本次鱼类调查共鉴定出鱼类36种,其中,鲤科和鳅科是构成渭河流域鱼类群落的主要类群.鱼类聚类结果显示,群落结构可分为3组,第1组主要分布在渭河源头及上游支流,鱼类以陕西高原鳅(Triplophysa shaanxiensis)、岷县高原鳅(Triplophysa minxianensis)为优势物种,包括拉式鱥(Phoxinus lagowskii)、北方花鳅(Cobitis granoei)等敏感物种,耐受物种分布极少;第2组主要分布在渭河上游和泾洛河上游,鱼类以达里湖高原鳅(Triplophysa dalaica)、背斑高原鳅(Triplophysa stoliczkae dorsonotata)、棒花鱼(Abbottina rivularis)为优势物种,包括少数拉式鱥等敏感种;第3组主要分布在渭河中下游,鱼类以泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)、马口鱼(Opsariichthys bidens)、麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)、棒花鱼和鲫(Carassius auratus)等江河平原鱼类为主,耐受物种较多.CCA分析结果显示,影响渭河流域的主要环境因子有海拔高度、溶解氧含量、流速、高锰酸盐指数、砂/淤泥/粘土所占比例和草地所占比例.而对于不同的指示物种,影响其分布的主要环境因子也各有不同.本研究是继20世纪80年代以来首次对渭河全流域进行水生态调查,并分析渭河流域鱼类的群落结构特征,可为流域水生态系统恢复提供重要的科学依据.