壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚在碱性印染废水中的降解

通过静态和动态连续降解实验,揭示了壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPEO,Nonylphenol ethoxylates,浓度6.25~12.5 mg·L-1)在碱性牛仔布印染废水中的去除规律.批式活性污泥实验表明,厌氧环境下,随着p H值的增加,壬基酚(NP,Nonylphenol)产生受到抑制,短链NPEO(环氧乙烯加成数1~3,NP(1~3)EO)总浓度水平虽然只有500~900μg·L-1,却呈现增加趋势;好氧环境下,尽管NPEO总量降解率超过85%,但产生的各种短链NP(1~3)EO和短链壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚酸酯(NPEC,Nonylphenol polyethoxycarboxylate)浓度区间为10~110μg·L-1,碱性环境下两类物质总量最低,不足100μg·L-1.耦合厌氧水解和好氧曝气的连续实验表明,增设填料的厌氧折板水解池出水中短链NP(1~3)EO的总浓度增至4000~5000μg·L-1,这与厌氧环境下一部分NPEO附着在废水杂质和厌氧污泥上,在污泥龄较长的附着型污泥作用下,生成了大量的NP(1~3)EO有关;好氧段出水中NP(1~3)EO浓度降至230~610μg·L-1,短链NPEC(NP(1~3)EC)总量上升到800~1000μg·L-1,NP(1~3)EC由NP(1~3)EO转化来的可能最大.印染出水中NP及NP(1~3)EO受厌氧段出水中NP及NP(1~3)EO浓度影响明显.     

曝气诱导内波破坏水库水温分层的过程与效果

针对传统的水库破坏分层技术的低效率、高能耗等普遍问题,研制了能模拟基于自然对流而形成水温分层的中试模型水库,研究了曝气诱导形成内波混合破坏水温分层的可行性,过程和效果.扬水曝气产生的周期性出流能作为扰动源,在分层水环境中诱导形成内波.内波频率及波幅与曝气量有关.在曝气量0.07~0.28m3/(m2·h),跃温层温度梯度0.29~0.48℃/m的中试条件下,内波破坏分层过程主要以减小表层和底层水温差别、驱使跃温层下潜、等温层变薄为特征,破坏分层的速度与曝气量正相关、与温度梯度负相关.内波通过垂向振荡和横向传播,促进不同温度的水层之间的热交换.相对传统的循环水流混合,在温度梯度约0.32℃/m和0.46℃/m的条件下,当曝气量从0.07m3/(m2·h)逐渐增加到0.28m3/(m2·h)时,内波混合可分别将破坏分层效率提高25.0%~40.0%和41.2%~60.0%.     

微孔曝气国内外研究进展及趋势分析

分析比较了国内外微孔曝气研究和应用实例,指出了目前微孔曝气技术的研究重点。同时,综合国内外研究人员的研究成果,分别叙述了曝气量、安装水深、安装面积、孔径、水质和气孔堵塞状况对微孔曝气充氧性能的影响,对不同影响因素的作用效果做了总结,并指出目前研究存在的问题。以期对污水处理厂曝气系统的优化提供借鉴,对拟采用微孔曝气法进行生态修复的研究提供参考。     

曝气加氢氧化钙复合技术抑制底泥磷释放及对底泥微生物多样性的影响

底泥磷释放是导致水体富营养化的主要原因之一,本文通过在样泥中分别投加0、0.01和0.02 mol·L-1Ca(OH)2溶液,同时进行微臭氧曝气(0.6 g·min-1),研究了曝气加氢氧化钙复合技术抑制底泥磷释放的效果及对底泥微生物多样性的影响.结果显示,投加0.02 mol·L-1Ca(OH)2组上覆水中总磷(TP)浓度的最终值与对照组相比,抑制率达到34%;从各形态磷的角度进一步分析发现,与对照组相比,该组底泥中可溶性磷和铁磷含量分别降低了92%和60%,其最终转化为钙磷是该技术的关键.通过聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(PCRDGGE)研究发现,各试验组微生物相似性在65%~85%之间;Berger-Parker优势度指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon多样性指数变化不明显,表明该技术不会影响底泥微生物多样性.     

Intermittently aerated EMMC-Biobarrel (entrapped mixed microbial cell with Bio-barrel) process for concurrent organic and nitrogen removal

The PEMMC-Biobarrel (packed-bed of entrapped mixed microbial cells with Bio-barrel) process and MEMMC-Biobarrel (moving EMMC-Biobarrel) process were investigated for enhancing concurrent organic and nitrogen removal with applied intermittent aeration. For the PEMMC-Biobarrel process, the EMMC-Biobarrel carriers were employed at a packing ratio of 20%. In the MEMMC-Biobarrel process, the EMMC-Biobarrel carriers with a packing ratio of 10% were added along with the activated sludge (AS) in the bioreactor. Three different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 9, 6 and 4 h were applied. Aeration was provided intermittently at time schedules of 1 h air on/1 h air off, 1 h on/1.5 h off and 1 h on/2 h off. Nitrogen removal in the PEMMC-Biobarrel system was not improved by increasing the intermittent non-aeration time period. On the other hand, the MEMMC-Biobarrel process enhanced nitrogen removal with increasing non-aeration time even though the SCOD/N(TIN) ratio decreased from 6 to 4. Significant denitrification during the aeration cycle was observed in the MEMMC-Biobarrel process. The MEMMC-Biobarrel process demonstrated the most efficient organic and nitrogen removal at an HRT of 6 h with an intermittent aeration time schedule of 1 h on/2 h off. Nitrogen removal of 80% was achieved, which was about 15% higher compared to the AS system. TCOD and SCOD removal efficiencies were 80% and 75%, respectively.     

高硫酸盐难降解废水高温厌氧处理中限量曝气的应用及影响

由于硫酸盐还原的影响,普通高温UASB反应器处理亚硫酸盐纸浆厂排出的高硫酸盐难降解废水过程中甲烷菌活性受到了严重抑制.考虑到空气对硫化氢的吹脱和对硫化物的氧化作用可能减轻硫化物对甲烷菌的抑制,本研究在厌氧反应器中引入限量曝气措施.试验结果表明,反应器的运行稳定性和处理能力均得到大幅提高.在有机负荷提高到原来2倍的情况下,曝气后COD去除率仍有提高,从40%～50%提高到60%～70%.试验证明部分甲烷菌可以耐氧,而某些种类的水解酸化细菌则对不完全厌氧环境比较敏感.     

INDUCED OXIDATION OF STREAMS AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL INSTITUTIONS1

The proof is rapidly mounting that instream aeration is a technically and economically feasible supplement to secondary treatment of wastes, an alternative to tertiary waste treatment. Some phenomena remain unexplained; and competing technologies, especially those employing molecular oxygen, are being explored vigorously. However, there are convincing arguments in favor of aeration on theoretical grounds, proved technology is available; and the first installations have already been made. While remaining questions are being further investigated, it is time to consider in more detail the broader aspects, as to the institutional, legal, and political hurdles to be overcome before advantage can be taken of the new technology. This paper first summarizes the state-of-the-art as far as technology is concerned; and then outlines the institutional problem.     

独立分格推流式活性污泥法的动力学分析

在严格控制试验条件的基础上,对独立分格式活性污泥法进行了定量的试验研究与动力学分析.结果表明,底物比降解速率常数K值并不是常数,而是随着易降解底物的降解去除逐渐变小;据此修正了该系统的传统动力学公式及相应的设计计算方法;给出了工艺设计时曝气池分格数的划分及其容积确定的基本原则.     

间歇式活性污泥法处理啤酒废水

在实验研究基础上，成功地应用间歇式活性污泥法（以下简称ＳＢＲ法）处理啤酒生产废水。实践证明该工艺具有总投资省、处理效果好，对废水水质适应性强、工艺稳定、能耗低等优点。     

循环活性污泥法处理生活污水的脱氮性能实验研究

本以城市生活污水为处理对象，通过在主反应器前设置缺氧选择器，同时改变运行周期和进水-曝气方式，研究CAST工艺的生物降解过程及脱氮机理，并考察该工艺去除有机碳和脱氮的性能。结果表明，CAST生物脱氮工艺中最佳周期为4h。其出水CODCr质量浓度为61.80mg／L，去除率为84．52％；出水TN质量浓度平均为25．17mg／L，去除率为54．56％。非限制性曝气没有太大优势。建议采用限制性曝气与非连续性进水方式，以节约能耗和提高脱氮效果。