The multiple communities of low-carbon transition: an assessment of communities involved in forest carbon measurement

In recent writing on sociotechnical transitions theory communities are mostly conceived of as being local and place-based (“grassroots”). In this paper the implications for sociotechnical transitions theory of having multiple communities operating at different geographical scales, and with different objectives, are examined through a case study of low-carbon innovation in forests. The focus of analysis is the communities promoting sociotechnical innovations in the measurement of forest carbon. Innovation is being driven by the international United Nations climate policy initiative “Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation” (REDD+). The rise of REDD+ policy has prompted a flurry of activity in related scientific research, especially in the field of remote sensing. But other types of community are also actively positioning themselves as experts in forest carbon measurement: there are multiple communities at work, each with varying claims to innovation and expertise, from local (place-based) forest communities to international communities of foresters and forest ecologists. Recognition of the multiple communities operating within sociotechnical systems usefully draws our attention to the politics of innovation.     

国家《大气污染防治行动计划》健康效益评估

为了提高空气质量改善进程,2013 年国家发布了《大气污染防治行动计划》。本文基于空气污染与健康效益评估模型(BenMAP),对人口分布资料、大气污染与人体健康影响的暴露反应关系等进行了本土化修正,采用“支付意愿法”与“疾病成本法”相结合的方法,系统评估了《大气污染防治行动计划》实施后,PM_2.5 污染变化引起的环境健康效益。研究结果表明,《大气污染防治行动计划》的实施将在一定程度上降低PM_2.5 环境浓度,改善环境空气质量。如果《大气污染防治行动计划》空气质量目标全面实现,可以避免城镇8.9 万居民的过早死亡,减少12 万人次住院治疗以及941 万人次的门诊和急诊病例,实现的全国健康效益约为867 亿元/ 年,说明了《大气污染防治行动计划》实施的健康有益性。本文对政府部门开展污染损失评估及制定环境健康政策具有重要的参考价值。     

Seeking,Thinking, Acting: Understanding Suburban Resident Perceptions and Behaviors Related to Stream Quality

Theories in risk, psychology, and communication suggest aiming to inform the public about basic ecological facts may not be enough to influence knowledge of risks or behaviors to mitigate water quality risks. The risk information‐seeking and processing model and the theory of planned behavior suggest several additional variables that are likely to influence risk‐mitigating behaviors. We used data from a survey of watershed residents in Ohio to explore a model of behavioral intentions to positively impact stream health. Residents' informational norms, or the perceived pressure to know about local stream health, strongly predicted their information‐seeking behaviors. Active‐seeking behaviors predicted positive attitudes toward behaviors impacting stream health, which predicted intentions to positively impact stream health. Implications for outreach include couching communication in terms of risk found important to the local community, here wildlife were seen as negatively influenced by water quality, as opposed to plain reports typically provided by utility companies. Increasing social pressure to feel informed by emphasizing the existing knowledge of stream ecology among residents could change the norm for the less informed. A low response rate limits the generalizability of findings here, but leveraging these findings in outreach efforts could prove more successful in engaging the public to improve stream health and support policies to improve stream health.     

Streamside Management Zones Compromised by Stream Crossings,Legacy Gullies,and Over‐Harvest in the Piedmont

Streamside management zone (SMZ) breakthroughs were identified and characterized to determine frequency and potential causes, in order to provide enhanced guidance for future water quality protection. Ten kilometers of SMZs were carefully examined for partial or complete breakthroughs. With partial breakthroughs the SMZ trapped sediment before it reached the stream, while complete breakthroughs appeared to have allowed sediment to have passed through with minimal restriction. A total of 41 breakthroughs occurred (33 complete, 8 partial) across 16 sites, averaging 1 complete breakthrough per 0.3 km of SMZ length. The most common complete breakthroughs were caused by stream crossings (42%), reactivation of legacy agricultural gullies (27%), and harvest related soil disturbances near/within SMZs (24%). Pearson correlations of site characteristics at breakthroughs indicated no strong relationships between breakthrough sites, representing the variable nature of these unique circumstances. Stream crossings are an intentional breakthrough for access purposes, but resulting environmental impacts can be reduced with best management practice implementation. Current recommendations for SMZs tend to work in most situations, yet further research is needed to identify causal factors and quantify breakthrough severity.     

典型酿造业厂界无组织排放VOCs污染特征与风险评价

为探明酿造企业厂界无组织排放VOCs的浓度特征、恶臭污染及健康风险,采用便携式气相色谱-质谱仪对典型酿造企业醋厂和酒厂厂界无组织排放VOCs进行监测,分析研究其VOCs的浓度水平和组成特征,采用阈稀释倍数和感官测定法对VOCs进行恶臭分析,并进行了健康风险评价.结果表明,醋厂和酒厂厂界无组织排放VOCs的总浓度分别为0.968 mg·m~(-3)和0.293 mg·m~(-3).醋厂排放的VOCs中乙酸乙酯和乙酸含量较高,分别占总VOCs的76.3%和13.5%.酒厂排放的VOCs中以乙醇和己酸乙酯为主,分别占总VOCs的56.3%和30.4%.含氧VOCs是酿造企业污染源排放的主要组分.两厂总恶臭指数均大于1,表明其无组织VOCs排放对大气环境存在恶臭污染,且其臭气浓度均超过恶臭污染物厂界标准限值.醋厂和酒厂VOCs致癌风险指数分别为2.45×10~(-6)和5.25×10~(-6),超过了EPA致癌风险值(1.0×10~(-6)),但未超过OSHA致癌风险值(1.0×10~(-3))_及ICRP最大可接受的风险值(5.0×10~(-5)).     

宁波市地表水重金属污染现状和健康风险评价

为评价中国华东沿海城市地表水重金属的污染现状和潜在生态风险,以宁波为例,在城区地表水中采集了255个水样,检测了6种重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn)的含量水平,计算了重金属的健康风险指数和致癌风险指数.结果表明,宁波市地表水中重金属平均浓度的大小顺序为:ZnPbCrNiCdCu;有3种重金属超过国标GB 3838-2002中的Ⅴ类限值,且严重顺序为CdPbCr,电镀废水、金属加工废弃物、交通污染物、染料和涂料废物是主要污染源.70%以上的地表水存在健康风险,镇海区和海曙区风险最高,3种潜在风险最大的重金属及顺序为:CdCrPb.地表水对成年人和未成年人的致癌风险指数平均值分别达到临界值的17 600倍和24 800倍,且95%以上因Cr引起,人口密集的商业区致癌风险指数接近全市平均水平的2倍.宁波市地表水重金属污染严重,相关部门应当足够重视.     

山西省武乡县城大气PM2.5痕量重金属的生态和健康风险分析

为了解山西省武乡县城大气PM_(2.5)污染特征及PM_(2.5)中痕量重金属的生态和健康风险,在分析县城环境空气质量状况的基础上,分别于秋季(2014-10-22~2014-11-19)和冬季(2015-01-12~2015-02-13)在武乡县环境保护局楼顶用中流量采样器采集大气PM_(2.5)样品,每天换膜一次,利用称重法计算PM_(2.5)浓度,运用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定样品中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn 7种元素含量,运用地累积指数法、生态风险指数法、相关性分析和主成分分析、美国环保署暴露模型等表征痕量重金属的污染程度、来源、潜在的生态和健康风险等.结果表明,冬季大气PM_(2.5)浓度是秋季的3倍左右,有65%的天数超过国家环境空气质量二级标准(GB 3095-2012);PM_(2.5)中痕量重金属来源主要包括燃煤和交通等人为源,贡献率分别为58.38%和18.73%,所测重金属浓度顺序为CuZnPbCrAsNiCd,其中Cd、Cu的生态风险指数、Cr的非致癌和致癌暴露风险大于其它金属.冬季燃煤增加和大气扩散条件差是武乡县城大气PM_(2.5)浓度超标以及造成痕量重金属生态和健康风险增大的主要原因.     

天津市春季道路降尘PM2.5中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为研究天津市春季道路降尘PM_2.5中重金属污染特征及健康风险,于2015年3月22日-5月23日用降尘缸采集天津市主干道、次干道、支路、快速路道路两侧道路降尘样品,利用再悬浮系统将道路降尘中PM_2.5悬浮至滤膜上,并用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定了PM_2.5中7种重金属（Ni、Pb、Cd、As、Mn、Cu和Zn）的质量分数.结果表明:道路降尘PM_2.5中Ni、Pb、Cd、As、Mn、Cu和Zn质量分数平均值分别为37.05、82.50、1.73、25.65、380.18、201.08和736.43 mg/kg;I_geo（地累积指数）显示,Cd属于强污染,Zn和Cu属于中到强污染,Pb属于中度污染,As属于轻度污染,Ni和Mn属于无污染;健康风险评价显示,手-口摄入是道路降尘PM_2.5中重金属进入人体的主要途径,儿童的暴露剂量和非致癌风险均高于成人,总非致癌风险次序为As > Pb > Mn > Cu > Zn > Cd > Ni,其中儿童手-口途径As的暴露风险商（HQ_ing）及非致癌总风险（HI）均为1.23,大于限值（1）,对儿童存在非致癌风险;其他重金属非致癌总风险均低于限值,对人体无非致癌风险;道路降尘PM_2.5中Ni、As和Cd通过呼吸途径对人体均无致癌风险.      

土壤调理剂对土壤-水稻系统Cd、Zn迁移累积的影响及健康风险评价

选取湖南省长沙市北山镇某中重度Cd污染稻田,研究了土壤调理剂(石灰石+偏高岭土+钙镁磷肥)对稻田土壤重金属Cd、Zn的钝化效果,以及对水稻各部位累积Cd和Zn的影响,并进行了Cd的健康风险评价.结果表明,使用土壤调理剂提高了稻田土壤p H值.Cd的CaCl_2提取态含量降低了0.9%~24.1%,Zn的CaCl_2提取态含量降低了22.5%~69.6%.土壤调理剂显著降低了水稻糙米中Cd与Zn的含量,与对照相比分别降低了10.8%~47.3%、10.3%~17.5%;土壤调理剂对水稻糙米Cd的吸收和累积的影响要远大于Zn,水稻糙米中的Cd/Zn比随着土壤调理剂施用量的增加而显著降低.研究区大米重金属Cd目标危害系数THQ值大于1,说明当地人群通过食用大米途径摄入重金属Cd存在健康风险.土壤调理剂有效地抑制了水稻植株对土壤中Cd的吸收,并降低了Cd/Zn比,使糙米中的Cd含量显著降低,从而降低了当地人群通过食用大米途径摄入重金属Cd的健康风险.     

兰州主城区大气颗粒物质量浓度及健康风险

分别在2013年春季3月23日~3月29日和冬季12月15日~12月21日对兰州市主城区5个采样点进行采样,每天每个采样点采集8个样品,共采集有效样品560个.通过实验室分析和重金属健康风险评价,结果显示：兰州市主城区≤ 10μm颗粒物中,主要分布在5.8~10.0μm （春、冬季）、1.1~3.3μm （春季）和0.65~3.3μm （冬季）范围内,Pb在PM_3.3~4.7（一级支气管）中的质量浓度最大,分别为0.2352ug/m³（春季）和0.2177ug/m³（冬季）,Cd作为一种致癌重金属在PM_9.0~5.8、PM_4.7~1.1均被检出.儿童、成年男性、成年女性的非致癌风险值HZ在春季和冬季分别为0.842、0.360、0.345和0.842、0.326、0.361,低于1不存在非致癌的风险,致癌风险值RIS在10^-6~10^-4的范围内,不存在致癌风险,但儿童RIS值较高,对儿童的健康状况的影响,应受到社会群体的重视.