室内甲醛含量变化影响因素分析

室内装修的普及造成有害气体严重超标。介绍了装修造成的室内空气污染物的种类及对人体健康的危害,比较了装修后首要空气污染物——甲醛目前常见的检测方法的优缺点,着重分析了影响甲醛含量变化的因素,提出有效、可行的室内空气污染防治对策。     

近三年中国甲醛时空分布特征及影响因素分析

近年来,研究大气污染物的时空分布特征及影响因素分析已成为环境科学领域研究的热点问题.本文基于OMI甲醛垂直柱浓度数据产品,结合各省市气象、植被、人类活动等数据,对全国2015—2017年甲醛柱浓度时空分布特征及影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,全国甲醛柱浓度分布极不均衡,整体呈现自东南沿海向西北递减的趋势,此外在新疆与西藏的小部分地区存在高值区域.3年来全国甲醛柱浓度为整体上升,且变化率在-1.02～1.46之间,其中全国81%地区呈上升趋势,19%地区呈下降趋势.全国甲醛柱浓度季节性变化规律表现为夏季春季秋季冬季.甲醛柱浓度时空分布受气象因素影响,整体上与气温、降水呈正相关,但部分地区降水对甲醛有消减作用;甲醛柱浓度也与植被量呈正相关,如植被丰富的西藏地区及我国东南部,植被对甲醛柱浓度的影响显著.全国大多数省份甲醛柱量与地区生产总值、汽车保有量呈显著正相关,人类足迹分布模式与甲醛柱浓度空间分布的一致性较高,指示在城市发达地区,人类活动和经济发展、汽车尾气是导致甲醛柱浓度增高的主要原因.     

华北地区冬季和夏季大气甲醛污染特征分析

为探究华北地区大气甲醛的污染特征,应用自主设计的一套大气甲醛在线分析仪,于2017年冬季和2018年夏季在山东省德州市开展大气甲醛综合观测实验.结果表明,德州站冬季和夏季大气甲醛小时浓度范围分别为0.15×10~(-9)～9.89×10~(-9)和0.43×10~(-9)～10.42×10~(-9),平均值分别为(3.04±1.70)×10~(-9)和(4.32±2.06)×10~(-9),结合日变化特征可知,白天甲醛、过氧乙酰基硝酸酯(PAN)和臭氧(O_3)具有较好的一致性,表明光化学生成是甲醛的主要来源;冬季夜间检测出的高浓度甲醛则表明一次排放也具有重要的贡献.此外,大气甲醛的浓度变化受相对湿度、光照、风速和湿沉降影响较大,并且湿沉降是大气甲醛去除的重要途径.     

Effects of Combined Exposure to Formaldehyde and PM2.5 on the Brain of Balb/c Mice Asthma Model

Epidemiological studies have shown that there is a link between asthma and brain damage,but toxicological studies have not fully confirmed yet,especially the effects of asthma on the brain. In this study,at first,we explore the effects of asthma on the brain through the establishment of an allergic asthma model. Then PM_(2.5),a typical outdoor air pollutant and formaldehyde,a typical indoor air pollutant were selected to be closer to the true environment and find whether there is any synergism between them. In this study,an ovalbumin( OVA)-sensitized mice asthma model was established. 30 male Balb/c mice were randomly divided into 5 groups:( 1) saline control group,( 2) OVA-sensitized group,( 3) OVA-combined with formaldehyde exposure group,( 4) OVA-combined with PM_(2.5) exposure group,( 5) Combination of OVA,formaldehyde and PM_(2.5) exposure group. The mice were inhaled with formaldehyde or/and instilled with PM_(2.5) from day 1 to 18. The mice asthma model was developed by OVA sensitization and challenge. The mice were sensitized with OVA+Al( OH)3( 5 mg OVA and 175 mg Al( OH)3 in 30 m L saline each time) or saline( 30 m L saline each time) by intraperitoneal injection on day 1,7 and 14.This was then followed by an aerosol challenge in 1% OVA( 30 min·d~(-1)) from day 19 to 25( 7 times) using an ultrasonic nebulizer. On the 26 th day,the organ coefficient of mice brain was counted,then the contents of oxidative stress of mice brain were measured,including reactive oxygen species( ROS),glutathione( GSH) and malondialdehyde( MDA),and the concentrations of NF-κB and interleukin-1β( IL-1β) were detected by using ELISA kits.Detection of interleukin-6( IL-6) was made with immunohistochemical method. Histological assay for brain was also conducted. In our results,all the OVA treated groups showed a significant increase of ROS and a significant decrease of GSH contents when compared with the control group. Except OVA-sensitized group,other OVA treated groups also showed a significant increase of MDA contents when compared with the control group,and MDA contents of OVA-sensitized group showed significant change when compared to the combined exposure group. In ROS and GSH,combined exposure showed some joint effect compared with single exposure. When OVA was applied in combination with formaldehyde and PM_(2.5),NF-κB was activated. And all the OVA treated groups showed increased levels of IL-1β and IL-6 compared with the control group. And the combined exposure showed an aggravated effect when compared with OVA-sensitized group. Histopathological observation of the hippocampus in mice brain clearly showed the difference of eosin( EO) stained neurons in the combined exposure group compared with the control group and OVA-sensitized group. The pyramidal neurons of the mice with allergic asthma exposed to formaldehyde and/or PM_(2.5) had been reduced in number,the cells were swollen and the dendrites had disappeared. Allergic asthma can cause damage to the brain through oxidative stress. Exposure to formaldehyde and PM_(2.5) will increase the damage caused by allergic asthma to the brain,which may be mediated by oxidative stress and NF-κB activation.This promotes the release of the inflammatory factors,resulting in increased inflammation.     

甲醛分析仪测定空气中甲醛的方法研究

对甲醛分析仪测定空气中甲醛的方法进行了研究 ,确定了分析仪最佳读数条件。通过实验发现其精密度、准确度均十分理想 ,与乙酰丙酮分光光度法相比 ,测定结果无显著性差异 ,该方法具有快速、灵敏的特点 ,解决了现场多点、大批量监测的问题     

气态甲醛暴露对神经生长因子表达影响的体内实验

为了探讨气态甲醛对小鼠组织中NGF表达的诱导作用,以小鼠肺和脑作为实验材料,应用RT-PCR方法检测甲醛染毒后小鼠肺和脑中NGF-mRNA的表达量.结果显示,小鼠脑中NGF表达量随着染毒时间的增加而增加;而肺中NGF在甲醛染毒1d后就达到最大,但随着时间的增加NGF表达量反而下降;故NGF在小鼠这2种组织中呈现不同的表达效应.为了进一步研究甲醛、NGF和哮喘之间的联系,构建了大鼠的哮喘模型,应用RT-PCR方法检测哮喘模型鼠肺中NGF的表达趋势.结果显示,在大鼠哮喘模型中,低浓度甲醛组(1.0mg·m-3)NGF表达量显著上调(p<0.01),而高浓度甲醛组(3.0mg·m-3)NGF表达量反而下降,仅略高于空白对照组(p>0.05).     

应用车载测试系统研究轻型机动车在实际道路上的排放特征

采用一套车载排放测试系统,对深圳市7辆具有代表性的轻型车辆进了实际道路排放测试.根据测试结果,分析了机动车运行工况对排放的影响,比较了基于油耗和行驶里程的排放因子,并计算了各测试车辆的平均排放因子.结果表明,深圳市轻型机动车加速和减速运行模式共占整个运行时间的66.7%和行驶里程的80.3%,对各种污染物的贡献率达74.6%～79.2%.并且加速模式下的排放水平明显高于其他运行模式;基于油耗的排放因子受车速的影响较小,可以避免因机动车运行工况不同所带来的排放差异,从宏观尺度更为合理地预测机动车污染物排放量;车辆技术水平对排放影响很大,化油器车的C0、HC和NOx排放因子分别是欧Ⅲ车的19.9～20.5、5.6～26.1和1.8～2.0倍;我国在进行轻型车排放测试时使用ECE EUDC工况,不能反映我国城市实际道路行驶工况下的机动车排放水平.     

气态甲醛对卡氏毛园蛛细胞遗传毒性的研究

为了研究气态甲醛对蜘蛛的遗传毒性,采用单细胞凝胶电泳实验及KCl-SDS沉淀法检测了卡氏毛园蛛(Eriovixia cavaleriei)暴露于气态甲醛(0、0.5、1.0、3.0mg·m-3)后的细胞DNA分子断裂、DNA-DNA交联、DNA-蛋白质交联状况,并以甲醛的水溶性实验为基础,总结了甲醛对不同动物细胞的遗传毒性.结果显示,中、低浓度甲醛(0.5、1.0mg·m-3)可引起卡氏毛园蛛细胞DNA链断裂,高浓度甲醛(3.0mg·m-3)除引起DNA链断裂外,还可诱导核内交联物的形成;随着甲醛染毒浓度的升高,DNA的损伤程度逐渐加重,显示出一定的剂量-效应关系.通过总结甲醛对不同动物的遗传毒性发现,随着甲醛浓度的升高(5～625μmol·L-1,生理盐水溶液),动物细胞DNA损伤基本表现为由DNA链断裂(DSB)→DNA-DNA交联(DDC)→DNA-蛋白质交联(DPC)的过渡;甲醛所致的DNA损伤在不同动物细胞中也存在差异,反映了不同动物细胞对甲醛的敏感性不同。     

麦草低污染制浆新技术

麦草低污染制浆新工艺采用亚硫酸钠-甲醛-蒽醌（加入少量催化剂）制浆（SFP-AQ法）,生产吨浆的COD排放总量下降30％,色度下降60％,悬浮物总量下降50％,制浆黑液的pH值下降至7～8。采用该新工艺同时还可产生表面活性好、便于利用的木素磺酸钠和其他产品,使纤维资源得到综合利用,为解决中小型草浆造纸厂的污染问题提供一条有效途径。j     

陕西省甲醛柱浓度时空变化及影响因子分析

基于Aura-OMI传感器L2-V003甲醛日产品数据,分析陕西省2010~2018年对流层的甲醛柱浓度时空分布特征,并结合自然和人为因素等进行探讨,结果表明：研究区9年间甲醛柱浓度年际均值呈波动上升趋势,空间分布上关中地区向南北两侧递减.最小值出现在2017年,为9.45×10¹⁵molec/cm²;最高值出现在2018年,为17.40×10¹⁵molec/cm²,年均值为12.82×10¹⁵molec/cm²,季节均值水平为：夏季 > 冬季 > 秋季 > 春季,其中秋季波动性最大,春季最小.月均值幅度较大,呈周期性现象.甲醛浓度稳定性沿秦岭山脉向南北两侧递减;风向、气温和降水等自然因素均对甲醛空间分布产生重要影响,以汉中市为主,植被覆盖度与甲醛呈正相关区域,房屋建筑竣工面积、工业废气排放量、汽车保有量及大气传输等也是引起甲醛浓度变化的重要因素,针对不同区域时空分布特征结合自然、社会因素的相关性分析,提出合理性建议.