氧化催化转化器对甲醇压燃尾气中甲醛排放的影响

在一台经过改装的压燃式发动机上,采用柴油/甲醇组合燃烧(DMCC)模式进行了台架实验,利用气相色谱分析技术检测了1800r·min<'-1时发动机尾气中甲醛的排放特性,对比研究了负荷、甲醇掺烧比、排气温度.催化转化器对甲醛排放的影响.研究结果表明,在压燃式发动机上采用DMCC模式,低负荷运行时,尾气中甲醛含量随甲醇掺烧比的增加而增多,在甲醇掺烧比为46%时.甲醛排放量达到180 x 10<'-6(体积分数),催化后可以减少25%～45%;在中,高负荷运行时.甲醛排放量随甲醇掺烧比的变化基本不变,高负荷比中负荷运行时甲醛排放稍高.但尾气经催化处理后,甲醛排放反而增加,最高增加1倍.催化转化器的转化效果与排气温度密切相关,当排气温度在大约300°C以下时,催化转化器可以降低甲醛排放量;当温度为300°C～410°C时,催化后尾气中的甲醛排放较催化前有所增加;当排气温度高于425°C时.催化后尾气中甲醛排放显著减少.     

气态甲醛暴露对神经生长因子表达影响的体内实验

为了探讨气态甲醛对小鼠组织中NGF表达的诱导作用,以小鼠肺和脑作为实验材料,应用RT-PCR方法检测甲醛染毒后小鼠肺和脑中NGF-mRNA的表达量.结果显示,小鼠脑中NGF表达量随着染毒时间的增加而增加;而肺中NGF在甲醛染毒1d后就达到最大,但随着时间的增加NGF表达量反而下降;故NGF在小鼠这2种组织中呈现不同的表达效应.为了进一步研究甲醛、NGF和哮喘之间的联系,构建了大鼠的哮喘模型,应用RT-PCR方法检测哮喘模型鼠肺中NGF的表达趋势.结果显示,在大鼠哮喘模型中,低浓度甲醛组(1.0mg·m-3)NGF表达量显著上调(p<0.01),而高浓度甲醛组(3.0mg·m-3)NGF表达量反而下降,仅略高于空白对照组(p>0.05).     

便携式多气体检测仪在石油类土壤污染场地快速筛查中的应用

在被石油及其产品等有机化合物污染的土壤中,采用便携式多气体检测仪进行土壤气的测试,是一种新的土壤有机污染物的调查方法,可以实现土壤污染程度快速筛查的目的。为此,快速的判断石油类场地的污染状况,从而有目的、有针对性的采集水土样送实验室作细化分析,也避免污染场地样品采集的盲目性。     

室内甲醛含量变化影响因素分析

室内装修的普及造成有害气体严重超标。介绍了装修造成的室内空气污染物的种类及对人体健康的危害,比较了装修后首要空气污染物——甲醛目前常见的检测方法的优缺点,着重分析了影响甲醛含量变化的因素,提出有效、可行的室内空气污染防治对策。     

便携式GC-MS在环境应急监测中的应用

本文着重以美国英福康(INFICON)公司Hapsite ER便携式GC-MS为例,介绍了便携式GC-MS的基本原理、操作方法、维护保养方法,并分析了便携式GC-MS在环境应急监测中的应用。     

埃洛石负载硫脲及其甲醛捕捉效果

研究了一种新型甲醛捕捉剂的制备方法及其除醛性能,用尿素插层埃洛石纳米管(HNTs),扩大其层间距,提高负载量,并通过真空负载制备埃洛石/尿素/硫脲纳米复合物.同时,将制备的纳米复合物分别在溶液和空气中测试吸附甲醛的效果,并通过紫外分光光度法和4-氨基-3-联氨-5-巯基-1,2,4-三氮杂茂(AHMT)显色法结合RGB取色法测试其对甲醛的吸附效果.结果表明,尿素能插层活化埃洛石纳米管,使其层间距由0.720 nm增加到1.070 nm,从而使硫脲负载量达到27.41%;埃洛石/尿素/硫脲在甲醛水溶液中吸附甲醛的过程符合Freundlich等温吸附模型;纳米复合物在甲醛水溶液中的除醛率可达60%,随着添加量的增加,埃洛石/尿素/硫脲纳米复合物对甲醛的吸附效果逐渐增强.     

近三年中国甲醛时空分布特征及影响因素分析

近年来,研究大气污染物的时空分布特征及影响因素分析已成为环境科学领域研究的热点问题.本文基于OMI甲醛垂直柱浓度数据产品,结合各省市气象、植被、人类活动等数据,对全国2015—2017年甲醛柱浓度时空分布特征及影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,全国甲醛柱浓度分布极不均衡,整体呈现自东南沿海向西北递减的趋势,此外在新疆与西藏的小部分地区存在高值区域.3年来全国甲醛柱浓度为整体上升,且变化率在-1.02～1.46之间,其中全国81%地区呈上升趋势,19%地区呈下降趋势.全国甲醛柱浓度季节性变化规律表现为夏季春季秋季冬季.甲醛柱浓度时空分布受气象因素影响,整体上与气温、降水呈正相关,但部分地区降水对甲醛有消减作用;甲醛柱浓度也与植被量呈正相关,如植被丰富的西藏地区及我国东南部,植被对甲醛柱浓度的影响显著.全国大多数省份甲醛柱量与地区生产总值、汽车保有量呈显著正相关,人类足迹分布模式与甲醛柱浓度空间分布的一致性较高,指示在城市发达地区,人类活动和经济发展、汽车尾气是导致甲醛柱浓度增高的主要原因.     

华北地区冬季和夏季大气甲醛污染特征分析

为探究华北地区大气甲醛的污染特征,应用自主设计的一套大气甲醛在线分析仪,于2017年冬季和2018年夏季在山东省德州市开展大气甲醛综合观测实验.结果表明,德州站冬季和夏季大气甲醛小时浓度范围分别为0.15×10~(-9)～9.89×10~(-9)和0.43×10~(-9)～10.42×10~(-9),平均值分别为(3.04±1.70)×10~(-9)和(4.32±2.06)×10~(-9),结合日变化特征可知,白天甲醛、过氧乙酰基硝酸酯(PAN)和臭氧(O_3)具有较好的一致性,表明光化学生成是甲醛的主要来源;冬季夜间检测出的高浓度甲醛则表明一次排放也具有重要的贡献.此外,大气甲醛的浓度变化受相对湿度、光照、风速和湿沉降影响较大,并且湿沉降是大气甲醛去除的重要途径.     

Effects of Combined Exposure to Formaldehyde and PM2.5 on the Brain of Balb/c Mice Asthma Model

Epidemiological studies have shown that there is a link between asthma and brain damage,but toxicological studies have not fully confirmed yet,especially the effects of asthma on the brain. In this study,at first,we explore the effects of asthma on the brain through the establishment of an allergic asthma model. Then PM_(2.5),a typical outdoor air pollutant and formaldehyde,a typical indoor air pollutant were selected to be closer to the true environment and find whether there is any synergism between them. In this study,an ovalbumin( OVA)-sensitized mice asthma model was established. 30 male Balb/c mice were randomly divided into 5 groups:( 1) saline control group,( 2) OVA-sensitized group,( 3) OVA-combined with formaldehyde exposure group,( 4) OVA-combined with PM_(2.5) exposure group,( 5) Combination of OVA,formaldehyde and PM_(2.5) exposure group. The mice were inhaled with formaldehyde or/and instilled with PM_(2.5) from day 1 to 18. The mice asthma model was developed by OVA sensitization and challenge. The mice were sensitized with OVA+Al( OH)3( 5 mg OVA and 175 mg Al( OH)3 in 30 m L saline each time) or saline( 30 m L saline each time) by intraperitoneal injection on day 1,7 and 14.This was then followed by an aerosol challenge in 1% OVA( 30 min·d~(-1)) from day 19 to 25( 7 times) using an ultrasonic nebulizer. On the 26 th day,the organ coefficient of mice brain was counted,then the contents of oxidative stress of mice brain were measured,including reactive oxygen species( ROS),glutathione( GSH) and malondialdehyde( MDA),and the concentrations of NF-κB and interleukin-1β( IL-1β) were detected by using ELISA kits.Detection of interleukin-6( IL-6) was made with immunohistochemical method. Histological assay for brain was also conducted. In our results,all the OVA treated groups showed a significant increase of ROS and a significant decrease of GSH contents when compared with the control group. Except OVA-sensitized group,other OVA treated groups also showed a significant increase of MDA contents when compared with the control group,and MDA contents of OVA-sensitized group showed significant change when compared to the combined exposure group. In ROS and GSH,combined exposure showed some joint effect compared with single exposure. When OVA was applied in combination with formaldehyde and PM_(2.5),NF-κB was activated. And all the OVA treated groups showed increased levels of IL-1β and IL-6 compared with the control group. And the combined exposure showed an aggravated effect when compared with OVA-sensitized group. Histopathological observation of the hippocampus in mice brain clearly showed the difference of eosin( EO) stained neurons in the combined exposure group compared with the control group and OVA-sensitized group. The pyramidal neurons of the mice with allergic asthma exposed to formaldehyde and/or PM_(2.5) had been reduced in number,the cells were swollen and the dendrites had disappeared. Allergic asthma can cause damage to the brain through oxidative stress. Exposure to formaldehyde and PM_(2.5) will increase the damage caused by allergic asthma to the brain,which may be mediated by oxidative stress and NF-κB activation.This promotes the release of the inflammatory factors,resulting in increased inflammation.     

甲醛分析仪测定空气中甲醛的方法研究

对甲醛分析仪测定空气中甲醛的方法进行了研究 ,确定了分析仪最佳读数条件。通过实验发现其精密度、准确度均十分理想 ,与乙酰丙酮分光光度法相比 ,测定结果无显著性差异 ,该方法具有快速、灵敏的特点 ,解决了现场多点、大批量监测的问题