Status of the Riparian Ecosystem in the Upper San Pedro River, Arizona: Application of an Assessment Model

A portion of Arizona’s San Pedro River is managed as a National Riparian Conservation Area but is potentially affected by ground-water withdrawals beyond the conservation area borders. We applied an assessment model to the Conservation Area as a basis for monitoring long-term changes in riparian ecosystem condition resulting from changes in river water availability, and collected multi-year data on a subset of the most sensitive bioindicators. The assessment model is based on nine vegetation bioindicators that are sensitive to changes in surface water or ground water. Site index scores allow for placement into one of three condition classes, each reflecting particular ranges for site hydrology and vegetation structure. We collected the bioindicator data at 26 sites distributed among 14 reaches that had similar stream flow hydrology (spatial flow intermittency) and geomorphology (channel sinuosity, flood-plain width). Overall, 39% of the riparian corridor fell within condition class 3 (the wettest condition), 55% in condition class 2, and 6% in the driest condition class. Condition class 3 reaches have high cover of herbaceous wetland plants (e.g., Juncus and Schoenoplectus spp.) along the perennial stream channel and dense, multi-aged Populus-Salix woodlands in the flood plain, sustained by shallow ground water in the stream alluvium. In condition class 2, intermittent stream flows result in low cover of streamside wetland herbs, but Populus-Salix remain abundant in the flood plain. Perennial wetland plants are absent from condition class 1, reflecting highly intermittent stream flows; the flood plain is vegetated by Tamarixa small tree that tolerates the deep and fluctuating ground water levels that typify this reach type. Abundance of herbaceous wetland plants and growth rate of Salix gooddingii varied between years with different stream flow rates, indicating utility of these measures for tracking short-term responses to hydrologic change. Repeat measurement of all bioindicators will indicate long-term trends in hydro-vegetational condition.     

生物表面活性剂产生菌犁头霉菌(Absidia orchidis)的筛选及发酵条件优化

采用植物油为唯一碳源,设计选择培养基,从饭店下水道污泥中筛选出生物表面活性剂产生菌.结果分离到12株菌,其中一株能使发酵液的表面张力值从68 mN·m-1降低到34.5 mN·m-1,具有开发潜力,被选出作进一步的研究.该菌株经鉴定为犁头霉菌(Absidia orchidis).通过正交试验对犁头霉菌的培养条件进行优化,其优化培养条件为:植物油3.6 g·L-1,KH2PO412.1 g·L-1,Na2HPO45 g·L-1,(NH4)2SO4 1 g·L-1,NaNO32 g·L-1,酵母浸膏0.1 g·L-1,MgSO4·7H2O 0.15 g·L-1,NaCl 5 g·L-1,CaCl2 0.1 g·L-1,EDTA 1 g·L-1,KI 0.83μg·L-1,H3PO4 0.01μg·L-1,CoCl2·6H2O 0.048μg·L-1,MnSO4·H2O 0.312μg·L-1,Na2 MoO4·2H2O 0.048μg·L-1,ZnCl2 0.287μg·L-1,CuSO4·5H2O 0.125μg·L-1,初始pH值8,接种量6%.发酵70h时可获得生物表面活性剂的最大收获量,此时发酵液中生物表面活性剂的相对浓度达402倍.     

操作条件对超滤膜运行经济稳定性能的影响

采用正交实验的方法对棕榈油生产废水二级处理出水的超滤工艺条件进行考察和优化,并用膜通量衰减系数、平均跨膜压差及产水量各自加权相加所得综合指标来表征不同超滤操作条件下膜运行的经济稳定性能。正交试验结果表明,减小膜表面流速和产水率,提高处理废水温度均有利于系统经济稳定地运行;各运行参数对综合指标影响的大小顺序为:膜表面平均流速>产水率>温度;在保证出水质量的前提下,最佳组合操作条件为膜表面平均流速0.7m/s,产水率80%,废水温度30℃。     

燃烧过程颗粒物的形成及我国燃烧源分析

燃料燃烧会排放一次颗粒物和二次颗粒物,一次颗粒物中亚微米粒子主要是由于无机矿物质经蒸发-成核-凝结-凝并的途径形成的;超微米颗粒的产生不同于亚微米颗粒的形成,是由于破碎机理.二次颗粒物是由气态前驱体在大气中转化而成的.我国燃烧源主要是煤燃烧、燃油机动车和农村生活燃料等.深入认识颗粒物的形成及燃烧源的特征对有效控制颗粒物的排放是很有帮助的.     

中温和高温厌氧生物产氢反应器连续运行的研究

采用2个厌氧生物产氢反应器分别在中温(37℃)和高温(55℃)下连续运行.以河底沉积物接种,葡萄糖为基质,在CSTR中成功实现了连续中温厌氧产氢,最高产氢量达8.6L/(L·d),基质产氢摩尔比(H₂/葡萄糖)为1.98.以厌氧产甲烷颗粒污泥接种,蔗糖为基质,在UASB反应器中成功实现了连续高温厌氧产氢过程,最高产氢量达6.8L/(L·d),基质产氢摩尔比(H₂/蔗糖)为3.6.在高温UASB反应器中培养获得了灰白色的产氢颗粒污泥,平均粒径为0.8～1.2mm,沉速为30～40m/h,电镜观察发现其表层生长大量杆状细菌.对2种产氢污泥的总DNA进行提取和纯化,通过PCR扩增和DGGE分析,发现高温和中温厌氧产氢污泥中的大部分真细菌种类相同,但各自的优势菌种明显不同.     

玉米浸泡液制备苏云金杆菌生物杀虫剂的影响因素研究

以玉米淀粉生产过程中的浸泡液为培养基,摇瓶发酵培养苏云金杆菌生物杀虫剂,通过一系列单因子试验,考察了不同培养条件(种子液的种龄、接种量、浸泡液的含固率、初始pH值、摇床转速、发酵温度及发酵时间)对苏云金杆菌在玉米浸泡液中的生长(菌数增长与芽孢形成)以及发酵液的生物毒效的影响.研究表明,在最佳摇瓶培养条件(种子液种龄10 h,接种量2%,浸泡液含固量3%,初始pH值7.0～7.5,摇床转速200 r/min,发酵温度30℃)下发酵48 h,活菌数和活芽孢数分别可达到7.9×108 CFU/mL和5.5×108 CFU/mL,毒力效价为698.0 IU/μL.本试验可为生物农药的工业化生产提供实用参数.     

辽河铁岭段水质污染状况及治理措施

本文以2001年至2005年辽河铁岭段及其支流监狈嘲招为依据,分析“十五”期间辽河铁岭段及其支流水质污染状况、污染原因,并提出相应的治理措施。     

基于震后低压变化的供水管网功能可靠度分析

供水管网的抗震功能是指供水管网在地震作用下能够满足震后城市特定用水需要(需水量和水压)的能力。地震发生后,供水管网一般处于低压供水状态,使得管网中部分用户的水压和水量不能得到全部满足,导致管网部分节点的实际配水量小于需水量。为此,在传统的管网水力分析基础上考虑节点流量随节点水压的动态变化,通过求解非线性水力方程组,得到管网节点实际流量和水压;同时,借鉴结构可靠度分析方法,引入供水管网系统随机水力模型,给出了震后供水管网功能可靠度分析的一次二阶矩方法。以一实际管网为例,演示了震后低压供水时管网功能可靠度分析的应用方法。     

Sludge concentration dynamic distribution and its impact on the performance of UNITANK

UNITANK is a biological wastewater treatment process that combines the advantages of traditional activated sludge process and sequencing batch reactor, which is divided into Tank A, B and C. In this study, the sludge distribution and its impact on performance of UNITANK were carried out in Liede Wastewater Plant （WWTP） of Guangzhou, China. Results showed that there was a strong affiliation between Tank A and B of the system in sludge concentration distribution. The initial sludge concentration in Tank A could present the sludge distribution of the whole system. The sludge distribution was mainly influenced by hydraulic condition. Unsteady sludge distribution had an impact on variations of substrates in reactors, especially in decisive reactor, and this could lead to failure of system. Settler could partially remove substrates such as COD and NO3-N, but there was adventure of sludge deterioration. The rational initial sludge concentration in Tank A should be 4000-6000 mg/L MLSS.     

Effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrous oxide emission in a sandy loam soil

To understand the effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and N fertilizer on N2O emission in the North China Plain, a laboratory incubation at different temperatures and soil moistures were carried out using soils treated with organic manure （OM）, half organic manure plus half fertilizer N （HOM）, fertilizer NPK （NPK）, fertilizer NP （NP）, fertilizer NK （NK）, fertilizer PK （NK） and control （CK） since 1989. Cumulative N2O emission in OM soil during the 17 d incubation period was slightly higher than in NPK soil under optimum nitrification conditions （25℃ and 60% water-filled pore space, WFPS）, but more than twice under the optimum denitrification conditions （35℃ and 90% WFPS）. N2O produced by denitrification was 2.1-2.3 times greater than that by nitrification in OM and HOM soils, but only 1.5 times greater in NPK and NP soils. These results implied that the long-term amendment of organic manure could significantly increase the N2O emission via denitrification in OM soil as compared to NPK soil. This is quite different from field measurement between OM soil and NPK soil. Substantial inhibition of the formation of anaerobic environment for denitrification in field might result in no marked difference in N2O emission between OM and NPK soils. This is due in part to more rapid oxygen diffusion in coarse textured soils than consumption by aerobic microbes until WFPS was 75% and to low easily decomposed organic C of organic manure. This finding suggested that addition of organic manure in the tested sandy loam might be a good management option since it seldom caused a burst of N2O emission but sequestered atmospheric C and maintained efficiently applied N in soil.