关于协同推进排污许可制与环境保护税的思考

党的十九届四中全会明确提出构建以排污许可制为核心的固定污染源监管制度体系,为推动排污许可制与各项环境管理制度衔接融合及各项法规制度的协同执法指明了作战的方向。本文在剖析排污许可制与环境保护税发展现状、面临的挑战基础上,从完善法律法规体系、建立协同作战机制、建立核算复核机制、建立大数据共享机制四个方面构建排污许可制与环境保护税衔接耦合机制,使排污许可制与环境保护税叠加在协同作战中发挥出最大效能,给企事业单位明确稳定的污染排放管控要求和预期、推动形成公平规范的环境执法守法秩序,减少污染物排放、改善环境质量、强化绿色体制保障,推动形成人与自然和谐发展的现代化建设新格局。     

The effect of oxygen tension on colony formation and cell proliferation of amniotic fluid cellsin vitro

The effects of reduced oxygen concentrations in the gas phase over the culture medium on colony formation and cell proliferation were investigated in high and low cell density primary and secondary cultures of amniotic fluid cells. Using two standard culture methods (25 cm² plastic flasks and Leighton type tubes) a significantly reduced culture time was observed at high cell density for mass cultures by incubation within a low oxygen tension gas phase (2.5 per cent to 7.5 per cent O₂) instead of conventional air (18 per cent O₂). At low cell density colony formation was significantly enhanced in cultures grown at reduced oxygen tension. Using gas permeable membranes as support, lowering the oxygen tension from 7.5 per cent to 2.5 per cent yielded an increase in plating efficiency of cells from approximately 5 per cent to 25 per cent, whereas plating efficiency was less than 2 per cent for cells grown at ambient 18 per cent O₂. It is suggested that low oxygen tension in the gas phase is an effective means of enhancing clonal growth in amniotic fluid cell cultures, thereby reducing both culture time and risk of culture failure.     

A review of gas-phase chemical mechanisms commonly used in atmospheric chemistry modelling

The atmospheric chemical mechanism is an essential component of airshed models used for investigating the chemical behaviors and impacts of species. Since the first tropospheric chemical mechanism was proposed in the 1960s, various mechanisms including Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM), Carbon Bond Mechanism (CBM), Statewide Air Pollution Research Center (SAPRC) and Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism (RACM) have been developed for different research purposes. This work summarizes the development and applications of these mechanisms, introduces their compositions and lumping methods, and compares the ways the mechanisms treat radicals with box model simulations. CBM can reproduce urban pollution events with relatively low cost compared to SAPRC and RACM, whereas the chemical behaviors of radicals and the photochemical production of ozone are described in detail in RACM. The photolysis rates of some oxygenated compounds are low in SAPRC07, which may result in underestimation of radical levels. As an explicit chemical mechanism, MCM describes the chemical processes of primary pollutants and their oxidation products in detail. MCM can be used to investigate certain chemical processes; however, due to its large size, it is rarely used in regional model simulations. A box model case study showed that the chemical behavior of OH and HO₂ radicals and the production of ozone were well described by all mechanisms. CBM and SAPRC underestimated the radical levels for different chemical treatments, leading to low ozone production values in both cases. MCM and RACM are widely used in box model studies, while CBM and SAPRC are often selected in regional simulations.     

国家干线公路移动源VOCs排放及臭氧生成潜势研究

基于国家干线公路4346个交通监测站日平均监测数据,采用移动源VOCs测算方法,建立国家干线移动源VOCs排放清单,使用最大增量反应活性（MIR）估算VOCs的臭氧生成潜势（OFP）,并通过动态分段技术和核密度估计方法对臭氧生成强度的空间特征进行分析.结果表明,客车是国家干线移动源VOCs年排放量最大的源,占客货总排放量70.50%;广东省年排放量最大,占全国干线公路VOCs排放量的10.7%;G15沈海高速年排放量最大,占全国干线公路VOCs排放量的5.4%.烯烃和芳香烃为移动源OFP主要的贡献者,前十种有机污染物占干线移动源总OFP的67.29%.从客货车日均OFP强度上来看,受车流量影响,各干线差异明显.北京天津呈团簇状集聚,至石家庄一线为带状分布;济南淄博潍坊青岛一线呈弯月带状分布;南京苏州上海杭州呈团状,至上海又集聚;粤港澳大湾区以深圳为中心高度聚集;沈阳、郑州、西安、武汉、重庆等交通枢纽出现次一级强度集聚.     

电凝聚对微污染水杀菌效果的试验研究

采用电凝聚对微污染地表水进行杀菌处理,结果显示,杀菌率随电流密度和处理时间的增加而增大。在电流密度为4.64mA/cm2,处理时间为15min时,杀菌率达90%以上,并对杀菌机理进行实验研究,初步判定,电解过程中产生的HClO和水体中产生的·OH为重要杀菌因子。     

锅炉房噪声的产生与治理

本文分析了锅炉房噪声的产生机理 ,针对各类锅炉房的具体情况 ,提出了“分散控制”和“集中控制”的不同治理方案。其中隔声、消声、隔振、吸声等声学措施的综合利用 ,易收到较好的效果 ,可降噪 2 0dB(A)以上     

介质阻挡放电等离子体去除水中敌草隆的降解机理

研究了线筒式介质阻挡放电等离子体对水中敌草隆的降解效果,考察了不同因素对敌草隆去除效果的影响及其对敌草隆的降解机理. 结果表明:输入功率、空气流量均对敌草隆的降解产生较大影响. 输入功率为50 W、空气流量为140 L/h时,放电反应6 min敌草隆的去除率达到95.7%. 随着放电时间的增加,水溶液中测出的ρ(O₃)、ρ(H₂O₂)均明显升高,6 min后其产量分别为11.9和1.2 mg/L;放电6 min后pH从最初的6.3降至3.4,ρ(TOC)也从最初的14.2 mg/L降至11.9 mg/L. 采用离子色谱仪分析敌草隆降解过程中产生的离子发现,反应过程中ρ(Cl-)和ρ(NO₃-)呈线性增长. 采用发光细菌抑制率反映溶液毒性,放电6 min后,敌草隆溶液对发光细菌的抑制率高达90.5%,溶液毒性增大. 通过液相色谱-飞行时间质谱对敌草隆降解产物进行分析,敌草隆降解过程中中间产物的形成存在烷基氧化、脱氯羟化、脱氯羟化-烷基氧化3种途径.      

接枝羧基壳聚糖的合成及其对重金属离子的吸附性能

以壳聚糖为基体,经环氧氯丙烷交联,制备了水不溶性交联壳聚糖,然后以Ｆｅ＾２＋－Ｈ２Ｏ２为引发剂,将丙烯腈单体接枝到ＣＣＴＳ分子骨架上,经皂化制得了水溶性接枝羧基壳聚糖聚合物。     

大气腐蚀起始过程中的微液滴现象研究

微液滴现象是一种新发现的实验现象,当易被腐蚀的金属表面上预先形成有腐蚀性主液滴时,在合适的条件下,主液滴的周围有更小的微液滴出现并不断扩展.微液滴的形成和扩展遵循一定的规律,并与大气腐蚀起始过程密切相关.电化学极化结果显示,大气腐蚀过程中的腐蚀电流是微液滴形成和发展的推动力.     

岩石工程开挖对山坡体应力场扰动规律的数值分析

应用三雏数值分析方法,研究人工开挖边坡与自然山体边坡体之间的应力场分布特点、演变规律和作用关系,并依据应力场演变规律确定边坡岩体的破坏模式;以便为矿山生产及周边环境的安全评价提供科学依据。