Mass fluxes and spatial trends of xenobiotics in the waters of the city of Halle, Germany

The behaviour and the effects of xenobiotics including pharmaceuticals and fragrances in the environment are widely unknown. In order to improve our knowledge, field investigations and modelling approaches for the entire area of the city of Halle/Saale, Germany, were performed. The distribution of the concentration values and mass fluxes are exemplified using indicators such as Bisphenol A, t-Nonylphenol, Carbamacepine, Galaxolide, Tonalide, Gadolinium and isotopes. Concentrations at a magnitude of ng/L to microg/L were found ubiquitously in the ground and surface waters. Using the concentration values, the impact of the city concerning the indicators was not always evident. Only the assessment of the mass fluxes shows significant urban impacts along the city passage. The calculation of the mass fluxes shows increasing values for all investigated xenobiotics during the city passage; only Bisphenol A stagnates. A balance model of water and indicator mass fluxes was built up for the entire city area.     

A flux-based assessment of the effects of ozone on foliar injury, photosynthesis, and yield of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Borlotto Nano Lingua di Fuoco) in open-top chambers

Stomatal ozone uptake, determined with the Jarvis' approach, was related to photosynthetic efficiency assessed by chlorophyll fluorescence and reflectance measurements in open-top chamber experiments on Phaseolus vulgaris. The effects of O₃ exposure were also evaluated in terms of visible and microscopical leaf injury and plant productivity. Results showed that microscopical leaf symptoms, assessed as cell death and H₂O₂ accumulation, preceded by 3-4 days the appearance of visible symptoms. An effective dose of ozone stomatal flux for visible leaf damages was found around 1.33 mmol O₃ m⁻². Significant linear dose-response relationships were obtained between accumulated fluxes and optical indices (PRI, NDI, ΔF/F_m^′). The negative effects on photosynthesis reduced plant productivity, affecting the number of pods and seeds, but not seed weight. These results, besides contributing to the development of a flux-based ozone risk assessment for crops in Europe, highlight the potentiality of reflectance measurements for the early detection of ozone stress.     

海河流域土壤中碳的库存与通量研究

通过对海河流域土壤中碳及其各形态含量的分析结果，计算出该流域土壤中碳的库存量为１．７７×１０＾１２Ｋｇ，并以成土母质，人畜粪、化肥施入和径流带入量，大气降尘及其植物的残等因素为对土壤中碳的贡献，同时以径带出，大气扬尘及植物体的茎叶等因素为碳的迁出部分，兰州出海河流域土体中碳的进出量分别为４．３９×１０＾１０ｋｇ／ａ和４．０９×１０＾１０ｋｇ／ａ，并研究其流通关系。     

SiB3模式对作物区CO2通量的模拟研究

以苏州东山观测站农田为对象,通过使用简单生物圈模式(SiB3),在苏州东山站选取不同植被类型作为模式输入参数进行CO2通量的模拟,并利用苏州东山站2010-04-16~2011-06-30日的观测数据进行对比,讨论不同植被对苏州东山站CO2通量的影响.结果发现,选择玉米作为站点植被类型输入模式模拟的各月CO2通量日变化趋势与观测数据比较一致;而选择普通作物类型输入模式模拟获得的CO2通量,在4月和5月,白天低估CO2通量,6月高估CO2通量;选择茶树类型作为模式植被类型输入的模拟结果,高估5月和6月白天的CO2通量.另外,本研究还使用SiB3模式对每日CO2通量进行模拟,与观测对比后发现,选择的3种植被类型模拟获得的结果能较准确模拟出每日CO2通量的收支,但存在一定偏差.这说明,选择正确的植被类型能够使SiB3模式有效地模拟出CO2通量的日变化,但对时间从小时上升到每日尺度的CO2通量进行模拟时还存在一定困难,需要进一步验证.     

亚热带典型岩溶溪流水气界面CO2交换通量变化过程及其环境影响

具有较高水体CO_2分压(p CO_2)的岩溶地下水出露地表后常与大气形成较高的正向CO_2浓度梯度,因此评价岩溶水体水气界面CO_2交换通量对于岩溶碳循环过程研究具有重要意义.本文以广西柳州官村地下河补给的地表溪流为研究对象,详细讨论了岩溶溪流水-气界面CO_2交换通量.使用静态箱法和手持式二氧化碳测量仪GM70对脱气通量进行检测,结果表明,溪流的CO_2交换通量以脱气为主,地下河出口(G1点)脱气通量变化范围为139.48~890.84 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),平均值为445.72mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),溪流下游(G2点)脱气通量变化范围为16.54~844.18 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),平均值为159.81 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),脱气通量的时空变化特征表现为雨季要大于旱季,地下河出口地区要大于下游地区.溪流CO_2脱气会对附近空气中CO_2气体碳同位素(δ~(13)C-CO_2)产生影响,使溪流附近空气中CO_2气体碳同位素(δ~(13)C-CO_2)值逐渐偏负,并表现出明显的时空变化,即δ13C-CO_2雨季偏负于旱季,G1点δ~(13)C-CO_2偏负于G2点.并且由于脱气作用的进行,溪流的水化学性质沿流程变化,表现为HCO-3沿流程逐渐降低,p H值升高,电导率降低,p CO_2沿流程递减,常见碳酸盐矿物的饱和指数SIc逐渐升高,δ~(13)C-DIC值逐渐偏正.     

四维通量法施工扬尘排放模型的建立与应用

建立了一种与美国环保局推荐的暴露高度浓度剖面法类似、应用实测数据计算施工扬尘排放量的数学模型——四维通量法模型,以及一套与该模型相匹配的施工扬尘排放量监测方案.采用四维通量法计算施工扬尘排放量,更加简洁方便,并且可以较好地消除偶然因素对计算结果的干扰.将北京城近郊区40多个建筑工地的实测数据代入该数学模型所得到的北京市施工扬尘中TSP排放因子为0.492 kg/(m²·30 d),在数值上是美国环保局AP-42文件推荐排放因子的1.83倍.建议采用本研究得出的本地化排放因子来建立北京市施工扬尘排放清单.     

河口滨岸潮滩沉积物-水界面N、P的扩散通量

选择了长江河口及上海海滨岸作为研究对象，分析了潮滩上覆水、沉积物孔隙水中营养物质N、P的含量，并初步估算了潮滩沉积物－水界面向N、P的扩散通量。上覆水中NH4^ －N含量分布在0．0082－2．56mg／L，NO2^-－N灾0．03－0．58mg／L，NO3^-－N为0．69－5．38mg／L之间，溶解态磷（DP）的含量为0．035－0．53mg／L之间；表层沉积物孔隙水中NH4^ －N的含量为0．0025－1．35mg／L，NO2^-的含量为0．0055－0．20mg／L，NO3^-－N的含量为0．61－1．14mg／L，DP的含量为0．11－0．53mg/L；计算表明，沉积物－水界面间NH4^ －N、NO2^-、NO3^-－N和DP的扩散通量分布范围分别为0．11－0．99、－0．39－0．0019、－3．09－－0．12和－0．48－0．12μg(cm^2.d）之间。研究揭示，沉积物是水体中N的重要蓄积库和P的可能输入源。     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the atmosphere of sub-alpine northern Italy

The main objective of this work was to assess the atmospheric concentrations and seasonal variations of selected POPs in a sub-alpine location where few data are available. A monitoring and research station was set up at the JRC Ispra EMEP site (Italy). We present and discuss a one-year data set (2005-2006) on PCB air concentrations. ∑7PCBs monthly averaged concentration varied from 31 to 76 pg m⁻³. Concentrations in the gas phase (21-72 pg m⁻³) were higher than those in the particulate phase (3-10 pg m⁻³). Advection of air masses and re-volatilization from local sources seem to play a dominant role as drivers of PCB atmospheric concentrations in the area. Indications of seasonal variation affecting PCB congener patterns and the gas/particulate partitioning were found. Modeling calculations suggest a predominant importance of the wet deposition in this region (1 μg m⁻² yr⁻¹ ∑7PCBs yearly total wet deposition flux; 650-2400 pg L⁻¹ rainwater concentrations).     

施肥对冬小麦土壤温室气体排放的影响

通过对不同施肥处理下冬小麦（Triticum aestivum）农田土壤温室气体排放的测定,研究了巢湖流域圩区农业生态系统春季土壤温室气体的排放特点。结果表明,土壤温室气体通量与温度等因素正相关,与土壤水分质量分数负相关,不同施肥方式对土壤温室气体排放也有重要影响。土壤系统维持持续的CO2气体排放,土壤是CO2气体的净排放源;CH4的情况则较为复杂,在较低温度条件下,土壤可以吸收少量的CH4气体,随着温度的上升开始出现CH4的净排放。与对照相比,优化施肥、减量施肥＋秸秆还田、常规施肥可减少的温室气体排放量折合CO2体积当量分别相当于减排12.0%、20.5%、17.6%,合理的施肥管理可以大幅度减少温室气体的排放。