Chaotic dynamics in a multispecies community

Environmental and Ecological Statistics - It is shown that community dynamics is neither haphazard nor completely directed. This is quite clear from our examination of a concrete example where...     

Relationship Between Bird Abundances and Landscape Characteristics: The Influence of Scale

Scale is important to consider when investigating effects of the environment on a species. Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data and landscape metrics derived from aerial photographs were evaluated to determine how relationships of bird abundances with landscape variables changed over a continuous range of 16 spatial scales. We analyzed the average number of birds per stop (1985–1994) for five songbird species (family Cardinalidae) for each of 50 stops on 198 BBS transects throughout six states in the Central Plains, USA. Land along each transect was categorized into six cover types, and landscape metrics of fractal dimension (a measure of shape complexity of habitat patches), edge density, patch density, and percent area were calculated, with principal components used to construct composite environmental variables. Associations of bird abundances and landscape variables changed in accordance with small scale changes. Abundances of three species were correlated with edge density and one with component I, which subsumes initial variables of patch density for urban, closed forest, open forest, and open country. Fractal dimension and component II (summarizing amount of closed forest versus open country) were associated with the most species. Correlation patterns of fractal dimension with northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) and painted bunting (Passerina ciris) abundances were similar, with highest correlations at intermediate to small scales, suggesting indirectly that these species thrive in areas where local habitat conditions are most important. Multiscale analysis can provide insight into the spatial scale(s) at which species respond, a topic of intrinsic scientific interest with applied implications for researchers establishing protocols to assess and monitor avian populations.     

岩石断裂和破碎的分形研究

岩石断裂与破碎的研究一直是岩石力学的前沿领域,也是采矿、能源、水利、交通、地震等众多工程领域不可或缺的理论基础。本文系统介绍了将分形理论引进到岩石断裂和破碎研究的成果,其中包括岩石微观断裂、宏观裂纹动态扩展以及岩体破碎的块度分布,旨在从一个侧面反映分形理论在岩石力学中的应用,最后还给出了一个工程应用的例子。本文的部分结果曾发表于国际杂志上。     

Phosphorus recovery from wastewater by struvite crystallization：Property of aggregates

Struvite crystallization is a promising method to remove and recover phosphorus from wastewater to ease both the scarcity of phosphorus rock resources and water eutrophication worldwide. To date, although various kinds of reactor systems have been developed, supporting methods are required to control the struvite fines flushing out of the reactors. As an intrinsic property, aggregation is normally disregarded in the struvite crystallization process, although it is the key factor in final particle size and therefore guarantees phosphorus recovery efficiency. The present study developed a method to analyze the characteristics of struvite aggregates using fractal geometry, and the influence of operational parameters on struvite aggregation was evaluated. Due to its typical orthorhombic molecular structure, struvite particles are prone to crystallize into needle or rod shapes, and aggregate at the corners or edges of crystals. The determined fractal dimension(Dpf) of struvite aggregates was 1.52–1.31, with the corresponding range of equivalent diameter(d0.5) at 295.9–85.4 μm. Aggregates formed in relatively low phosphorus concentrations(3.0–5.0 mmol/L) and mildly alkaline conditions(pH 9.0–9.5) displayed relatively compact structures, large aggregate sizes and high aggregation strength. Increasing pH values led to continuous decrease of aggregate sizes, while the variation of Dpfwas insignificant. As to the aggregate evolution, fast growth in a short time followed by a long steady stage was observed.     

NAPLs污染物垂向指流迁移分形表征中图像处理的影响研究

染色示踪技术是研究多孔介质中指流形态的主要手段之一,而如何更精确地对所采集的图像数据进行分析,是该研究工作中非常重要的组成部分.分形理论在染色示踪影像的基础上对指流形态进行定量描述,以质量分形维数(D m)表征渗流面积,以界面分形维数(D s)表征渗流驱替边界长度,对于识别和预测指流形态有一定的实际意义.而分形维数的计算基于二值化图像完成,因此明确图像二值化过程对分形维数表征的影响对分形维数的应用有重要意义.本研究以4种非水相流体在二维砂箱中迁移的130幅染色图像为目标影像,详细比较了图像预处理过程中不同饱和度(红色)阈值、不同亮度(灰度)阈值以及图形中"湖"的填充3个因素分别对D m和D s的影响.结果表明,在砂箱实验中,与田间实验相比由于染色污染物与石英砂颜色对比度较大,红色阈值调整对两种分形维数影响相对较小;随着灰度阈值的提高D m平均降低0.02,D s平均增加0.05;图形中"湖"的填充对D m几乎没有影响,而使D s平均降低0.10.研究发现与D s相比,D m在图像处理过程中受各种因素影响较小,建议在进一步研究中以D m为指流形态指示指标以避免图形处理过程中主观因素的影响.     

天然有机物对混凝效果影响机制及絮体特性分析

混凝是降低水体中天然有机物浓度的有效手段.本研究旨在了解天然有机物的存在对混凝效果及絮体特性产生的影响.实验以PACl25作为混凝剂来模拟含有一定量天然有机物的典型代表物质腐殖酸或柠檬酸配水的水处理混凝过程.分析了混凝过程中这两种有机物的存在对絮体颗粒大小、分形维数、Zeta电位和水中剩余铝浓度的影响.结果表明,在一定浓度范围内,随着溶液中腐殖酸、柠檬酸浓度的增加,絮体颗粒的大小及其成长速率、Zeta电位以及分形维数均呈现出下降的趋势(腐殖酸质量浓度从0 mg·L-1增加到10 mg·L-1、柠檬酸浓度从0μmol·L-1增加到7μmol·L-1,破碎前絮体大小分别降低34.2%、53.1%;絮体Zeta电位从10 mV左右分别下降到-10 mV及-2.5 mV左右;絮体成长速率分别下降了42.6%、77.5%;分形维数分别降低了0.08和0.094),表明有机物占据了微絮体表面从而导致絮体活性及致密性的降低;而在此有机物浓度范围内溶液中剩余铝的浓度却不因絮凝能力的下降而变化.     

近49年中国北方典型强沙尘暴事件的分形特征与R/S分析

通过对1954-2002年我国北方的典型强沙尘暴事件的分形研究发现：该时间序列具有明显的分形特征。其饱和关联维数为3．34．说明要恰当描述其变化特征。进行动力系统建模，至少需要4个状态变量；该时间序列的Kolrnogorov熵近似为0．1142．说明该混沌动力系统的平均可预测时间尺度为8～9a。R／S分析表明。Huvst指数能够较好的表征我国北方典型强沙尘暴事件的发生规律，可以借此推断未来相应时间段中国北方强沙尘暴事件的变化趋势。     

山东省人力资本空间结构的分形研究

本文试圈将分形理论及方法引入到区域人力资本空间结构的研究之中，首先利用马尔柯夫转移矩阵对山东省人力资本等级结构进行了预测，在这一基础上，计算出了1992年、1997年和2002年山东省人力资本空间结构的分维数。并对2007年的分维数进行了模拟，结果表明这一分维数不断下降。最后总结了山东省人力资本空间结构的特点。     

基于GIS和分形理论的土地利用空间格局分析——以闽侯县为例

以闽侯县1994年、2004年和2015年三期遥感影像为数据源,在RS、GIS和统计分析工具的支持下,运用分形理论研究时间序列上土地利用类型形态的复杂度与结构的稳定度,分析土地利用空间格局的变化,从而阐述不同土地利用类型的空间分布规律。结果表明:(1)研究期间内闽侯县的土地利用类型形态有了很大的变化,林地、耕地和未利用地面积大幅度减少,建设用地面积持续增加,水域面积变化不大;(2)整体分形维数保持下降趋势,从1994年的1.3504降到2015年的1.3333,说明空间格局总体向简单化、稳定化方向发展;(3)闽侯县各主要地类的分形维数和稳定性指数变化特点存在较大差异,耕地、林地和未利用地的分形维数持续下降,土地利用类型形态趋向规则;水域的分形维数先减后增,结构趋向稳定;建设用地的分形维数先增后减,空间结构整体趋于稳定,布局趋向合理化。土地利用的复杂性和稳定性受到人为因素的影响强烈,通过对土地利用空间格局演变的研究,可以为政府协调水土开发、区域土地合理利用以及优化土地利用结构提供支持。     

1950～1997年我国洪涝灾害成灾面积的分形特征研究

运用分形理论对1950～1997年我国洪涝灾害农田成灾面积序列进行了研究。分析结果表明，洪涝灾害系统的变化具有分形特征，农田成灾面积时间序列的平均可预测时间尺度为8～9年；同时运用R／S分析方法对1950～1997年中各时段农田成灾面积的变化趋势进行了测算，测算结果与实际农田成灾面积的变化趋势十分吻合，表明上述方法是进行洪涝灾害系统分形研究的有效途径。