絮凝体分形维数投药控制研究

依据分形理论,通过先进的图像分析处理技术,实现了对絮凝体分形维数的联机在线监测,试验证实分形维数可以很好地反映絮凝程度及其混凝处理效果,通过建立的混凝剂投加量、分形维数及沉后水浊度三者间的模糊控制模型,最终实现了对混凝剂投加量的自动控制与调节.     

瓦斯涌出严重程度分形预测研究

为了研究瓦斯涌出严重程度与地质构造之间的定量关系,以某矿井田为例,采用分形几何学手段研究了井田地质构造的分形特征,并将构造分维数与瓦斯涌出严重程度作了对比分析。其结果表明:所研究矿井田地质构造具有分形特征,构造分维数能够定量地描述地质构造的复杂程度,构造分维数与瓦斯涌出严重程度之间存在正相关关系,分维值大于1.3的区域是有可能发生瓦斯异常涌出的区域。该研究成果对于高瓦斯矿井进行瓦斯区域预测研究具有重要的理论和实用价值。     

Effects of humic acid on recoverability and fractal structure of alum-kaolin flocs

Particle surface characteristics, floc recoverability and fractal structure of alum-kaolin flocs were investigated using in situ particle image velocimetry (PIV) and microbalance with or without humic acid. Experimental results indicated that the zeta potential of kaolin particle surface after adsorption of humic acid was related with humic acid concentration and its acid-base bu ering capacity. Adsorption of humic acid resulted in more negative electrophoresis on the particle surface. Coagulant dosages for particles to form flocs would increase with increasing humic concentration. PIV was used to evaluate floc structural fragmentation, floc surface erosion as well as recoverability after high shear. It was found that the floc size during the steady phase of growth was small, while the regrowing capability decreased in the presence of humic acid. The recoverability was closely related with floc breakage modes including floc structural fragmentation and floc surface erosion. The fractal dimensions of alum-kaolin flocs by mass-size method based on microbalance would decrease with increasing humic concentration. This study proved that humic acid had adverse influences on the performance of coagulation process.     

Physical characteristics of conditioned anaerobic digested sludge - A fractal,transient and dynamic rheological viewpoint

The changes in the physical characteristics of unconditioned and conditioned anaerobic digested sludge (ADS) biosolids,such as capillary suction time (CST),yield stress,average size and fractal dimensions,were investigated through a CST test,transient and dynamic rheological test and image analysis.The results showed that the optimum polymer dose range was observed when CST or its reciprocal value was employed as an indicator.There were good correlations between the yield stresses determined from both a controlled shear stress test and a strain amplitude sweep test.The yield stress and storage modulus (G') increased as the polymer dose increased in most cases.A frequency sweep test revealed that polymer conditioning could extend the frequency sweep ranges for their elastic behaviors over viscous behaviors as well as the gel-like structure in the linear viscoelastic range.These results implied that more deformation energy was stored in this rigid structure,and that elastic behavior became increasingly dominant with the addition of the polymer in most cases.In addition,both the average sizes and two-dimensional fractal dimensions for conditioned ADS biosolids presented a similar up-climax-down variation trend as the polymer doses increased,whereas the critical polymer doses at the highest average sizes or two-dimensional fractal dimensions,were different.Correlation analysis revealed that the conditioned ADS dewaterability was not correlated with the yield stresses,while the average sizes or the two-dimensional fractal dimensions for conditioned ADS biosolids could be taken as the indication parameters for ADS dewaterability.     

基于GIS的土地利用类型分形维数及稳定性研究——以滇池流域为例

应用GIS技术及分形理论,以云南省滇池流域为研究区,将土地利用类型划分为5类：耕地、林地、草地、水域及城乡工矿居民用地,并进行各土地利用类型图斑分形维数分析。结果表明：土地利用类型的分布具有分形结构,各土地利用类型分维值介于1.09～1.35之间,总分维值1.146。根据分维值对各土地利用类型稳定性排序：林地〉草地〉耕地〉水域〉城乡工矿居民用地。若不考虑水域影响,稳定性指数均介于0.2～0.5之间的土地利用类型面积占研究区土地总面积的80.18%,总体稳定性良好。说明在人为规划影响下,滇池流域土地利用总的发展比较稳定,人为因素、人工措施的实施比较合理。分维值能较好反映各土地利用类型复杂程度及稳定性。     

改性蒙脱土颗粒吸附直接染料的分形特征

研究了改性蒙脱土颗粒(050823和MMT35)吸附2种直接染料(直接耐晒黑G和直接大红4BE)的吸附特性,并从类分形动力学规律、颗粒吸附染料前后的表面分形特征变化等方面对上述吸附过程进行了探讨.结果表明,颗粒对染料的吸附可分为快速的边缘覆盖和缓慢的晶层吸附2个过程.整个吸附过程符合准-二级反应动力学方程,并且染料进入晶层的吸附阶段具有类分形特征.除MMT35-直接大红4BE染料吸附体系外,Freundlich、Langmuir吸附等温模型的非线性方程、不同形式的线性方程及分形Langmuir模型对其余3个吸附体系(050823-直接耐晒黑G、050823-直接大红4BE、MMT35-直接耐晒黑G)等温线数据的模拟均取得了较好的效果,其中,非线性方程是获得统一模型参数较好的方法.此外,染料分子主要通过静电引力/斥力和范德华引力的综合作用吸附在颗粒上,并通过晶层膨胀和开孔作用,使颗粒表面粗糙度增加,相应的表面分形维数Ds升高.     

Morphological and semi-quantitative characteristics of diesel soot agglomerates emitted from commercial vehicles and a dynamometer

Diesel soot aggregates emitted from a model dynamometer and 11 on-road vehicles were segregated by a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI). The elemental contents and morphological parameters of the aggregates were then examined by scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), and combined with a fractional Brownian motion (fBm) processor. Two mode-size distributions of aggregates collected from diesel vehicles were confirmed. Mean mass concentration of 339 mg/m3 (dC/dlogdp) existed in the dominant mode (180–320 nm). A relatively high proportion of these aggregates appeared in PM1, accentuating the relevance regarding adverse health e ects. Furthermore, the fBm processor directly parameterized the SEM images of fractal like aggregates and successfully quantified surface texture to extract Hurst coe cients (H) of the aggregates. For aggregates from vehicles equipped with a universal cylinder number, the H value was independent of engine operational conditions. A small H value existed in emitted aggregates from vehicles with a large number of cylinders. This study found that aggregate fractal dimension related to H was in the range of 1.641–1.775, which is in agreement with values reported by previous TEM-based experiments. According to EDS analysis, carbon content ranged in a high level of 30%–50% by weight for diesel soot aggregates. The presence of Na and Mg elements in these sampled aggregates indicated the likelihood that some engine enhancers composed of biofuel or surfactants were commonly used in on-road vehicles in Taiwan. In particular, the morphological H combined with carbon content detection can be useful for characterizing chain-like or cluster diesel soot aggregates in the atmosphere.     

不同卸荷速率条件下岩爆碎屑破坏特征分析

为研究卸荷速率对岩爆的影响,采用岩石真三轴伺服诱变试验系统对大理岩进行不同卸荷速率下的岩爆试验,收集试验后得到的碎屑。通过对碎屑质量、粒径以及基本尺度的测量,得到碎屑的尺度特征以及不同粒径质量的分布特征;同时对所得到的碎屑进行分形特征研究。结果表明:在岩爆过程中,存在大量破碎的块状、板状、片状以及薄片状碎屑携带大量动能向临空面崩落,其携带的动能是由岩体自身储存的能量转化而来;卸载速率对岩爆的剧烈程度有着直接的影响,卸荷速率越快,发生岩爆时其程度越剧烈。     

Simulation model of universal law of school size distribution applied to southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) in the Great Australian Bight

A universal law of animal group size distribution correlates well to observed fish school size distribution from fisheries catch data. I applied the law to fisheries independent aerial survey data of southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) collected over a 10-year period in the Great Australian Bight. The law does not correlate to the observed school size distribution. A computer model originally demonstrated the formation of the universal law from simple rules. I redesigned this model as an individual-based simulation model calibrated from acoustic tag observations and state a mathematical formula for a resultant new family of transient group size distributions. The new formula correlates accurately to the simulation and to the aerial survey data. I use the mathematical model to estimate area of aggregation and total abundance. This approach is new as it does not seek stationary states of group size distribution and because it demonstrates a quantitative relationship between individual behaviour and group size distribution. This work elevates the pattern of group size distribution from a curiosity to a useful tool, and introduces a new family of transient distributions that may have a general application to other grouping phenomena.     

脱灰煤基活性炭吸附处理含镉废水

考察了硝酸脱灰煤样自制活性炭对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附去除特征。结果表明,随煤样粒径的减小,活性炭的吸附能力增强,吸附过程符合分形动力学特征;随着镉浓度的升高,活性炭对镉的吸附量增加,活性炭吸附镉符合Langmuir等温方程,镉离子在活性炭上的吸附属单分子层吸附;煤基活性炭适宜的吸附除镉条件为粒径0．054mm、Cd（Ⅱ）初始浓度35mg／L、活性炭用量0．05g、吸附时间1h,此时的吸附容量达40mg／g。