城市地表颗粒物重金属分布特征及其影响因素分析

城市地表颗粒物作为重金属的重要载体,严重危害城市人群和水体,已成为城市环境的重要研究对象。阐述了对地表颗粒物重金属的空间、粒径、赋存形态等分布特征及其影响因素进行系统分析的意义。通过对国内不同城市不同功能区的重金属（主要为：Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb）数据进行对比分析,各功能区重金属污染情况为：Cu、Pb：工业区〉商业区〉交通区〉居民区〉休闲区;Zn：工业区〉交通区〉商业区〉居民区〉休闲区;Cd：交通区〉工业区〉商业区〉居民区〉休闲区,同时各功能区中Zn、Pb含量波动性较大。整体上国内工业区、交通区和商业区地表颗粒物重金属污染严重。与我国的土壤重金属背景值相比,4种金属中Cd污染程度最为严重。探讨了与国外部分城市地表颗粒重金属污染特征之间的差异,指出国内城市重金属含量均值整体上低于欧美发达城市,而国内一线城市重金属含量明显偏高。系统分析了颗粒物重金属的粒级效应,赋存形态以及生物有效性。综述了城市交通活动（主要为交通流量、车辆行驶速度、变速频率、车辆类型、道路特征等）、降雨冲刷事件、雨前干燥期、大气风力作用、和其他因素对地表颗粒物重金属分布特征的影响。某种程度上,道路车辆的行驶速度和变速对颗粒物重金属累积的影响作用大于交通流量。不同降雨事件和雨前干燥期对重金属分布特征影响的研究结论不一,但地表颗粒对大气PM2.5重金属贡献较大。今后应在以下方面进一步加强对城市地表颗粒物重金属的研究：建立颗粒物粒径划分标准;加强重金属在降雨冲刷过程变化规律的分析;探讨地表颗粒物与大气颗粒物重金属转换关系;还应开展中小型城市,城乡结合部（城中村）地表颗粒物重金属污染特性研究。     

石油水溶性成分对褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)生殖、发育及种群动态的影响

溢油污染对近岸生态系统的平衡与稳定危害极大。本研究以石油水溶性成分(water-accommodated fraction,WAF)为目标,研究其对海洋浮游动物褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)生殖、发育和种群动态变化的影响,以期为阐明或评估海洋溢油污染的潜在威胁提供依据。研究结果表明,(1) WAF抑制褶皱臂尾轮虫的种群增长,随着胁迫时间的延长抑制作用不断增强,呈现显著剂量-毒性效应的正相关,其48、72和96 h的半数有效抑制浓度(EC_(50))分别为5.42、4.81和4.39 mg·L~(-1)。(2)WAF能显著影响褶皱臂尾轮虫的生殖和发育过程,缩短轮虫的平均寿命和生殖周期,使得进入生殖期的时间滞后,个体发育延迟;基于生命表的研究发现,其内禀增长率(r_m)、周限增长率(λ)、净生殖率(R_0)和生命期望(E_0)显著降低,世代周期(T)延长,其中r_m、λ和R_0变化较其他指标明显,可作为灵敏指示褶皱臂尾轮虫响应WAF胁迫的指示指标。     

螯合剂对小麦幼苗吸收金属以及土壤金属形态的效应

本文通过盆栽试验研究三种螯合剂(EDTA、[S,S]-EDDS、DTPA)对小麦幼苗吸收土壤中重金属及其它微量元素的效应,并且通过改进的BCR连续提取法分析了种植后土壤样品中金属元素的形态。结果表明:EDTA、DTPA的添加导致小麦幼苗地上部分生物量以及叶片叶绿素a含量显著下降。螯合剂的存在明显增加了Pb和Mn在幼苗根部和茎叶的富集,并增加其由根部向茎叶的传输,但对Fe和Ni的作用比较小。小麦幼苗收获时,除Zn之外,其它元素酸溶/可交换态金属含量与对照组相比均有非常显著的增加,而各元素的可还原态由于EDTA等螯合剂的添加而有明显下降。添加螯合剂的情况下,富集量与酸溶/可交换态含量之间的相关系数大大提高,且各处理组茎叶富集量与酸溶/可交换态之间呈显著(P0.05)或极显著相关(P0.01)。因此,三种螯合剂的添加主要影响的是生物可利用形态以及潜在的生物可利用形态,并且可能导致可还原态以及可氧化态向酸溶/可交换态转变,增加金属的生物可利用性,从而也增加潜在生态风险。     

不同类型植物篱对长江上游坡耕地土壤养分含量及坡面分布的影响

在调查分析长江上游现有坡耕地植物篱的配置方式、生长状况和室内分析植物篱-坡耕地系统中土壤养分含量和颗粒组成的基础上,对3种坡耕地-植物篱系统中土壤养分含量及其分布特征进行了研究,结果表明：在坡耕地-植物篱系统中,植物篱能显著改善和提高植物篱带内表层土壤的养分含量,不同植物篱带内土壤有机质、全氮、水解氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾平均质量分数比带间坡耕地土壤分别提高了59.1%、83.5%、56.2%、83.3%、149.6%、14.0%、153.1%,植物篱带内土壤阳离子交换量比带间坡耕地土壤提高了21.6%。植物篱带内比带间坡耕地土壤沙粒质量分数减小了9.4%,粘粒质量分数增加了21.6%,在植物篱系统中土壤粘粒质量分数与土壤养分含量在3种植物篱系统内表现出一致的规律性,自篱间坡耕地至植物篱带呈增加的趋势,至植物篱带下土壤粘粒和土壤养分含量减小。     

The distribution and availability of phosphorus fractions in restored cut slopes soil aggregates: a case study of subalpine road,Southwest China

● There was no significant difference in soil aggregates TP along altitude gradient. ● Overall, PAC dropped steadily as aggregate size increased. ● In soil aggregate sizes, TPi > TPo > R-P at 3009,3347 and 3654 m except 3980 m. ● Active NaHCO₃-Pi was the main AP source. ● Proportion of small aggregate sizes was emphasized to increase AP storage. The distribution and availability of phosphorus (P) fractions in restored cut slope soil aggregates, along altitude gradients, were analyzed. Samples were collected at 3009, 3347, 3654 and 3980 m of altitude. We examined soil aggregates total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP) and phosphorus activation coefficient (PAC), and discovered that there was no significant difference in TP levels between all four altitudes samples (p > 0.05). However, there was a significant difference in AP at 3009, 3347 and 3980 m of altitude (p < 0.05). At the altitudes of 3009, 3347 and 3654 m, the AP accumulation in small size aggregates was more advantageous. Overall, PAC dropped steadily as soil aggregates sizes increased, as shown: PAC (3654 m) > PAC (3347 m) > PAC (3009 m) > PAC (3980 m). In all particle size soil aggregates, the distribution of the P fractions was as follows: total inorganic phosphorus (TPi) > total organic phosphorus (TPo) > residual phosphorus (R-P), at 3009, 3347 and 3654 m, but a different registry was observed at 3980 m of altitude: TPo > TPi > R-P. Through correlation and multiple stepwise regression analysis, it was concluded that active NaHCO₃-Pi was the main AP source. It was also suggested that more attention should be given to the ratio of small particle size aggregates to increase soil AP storage. In order to improve the activation capacity and supply of soil P, along with promotion of the healthy development of soil ecosystem on slope land, it was suggest that inorganic P fertilizer and P activator could be added to soil at both low (3009 m) and high altitudes (3980 m).     

模拟成藏填埋垃圾有机质稳定化与产气的阶段性

通过人工构建模拟生物气藏的大型模拟生物反应器,研究模拟成藏填埋城市生活垃圾有机质厌氧降解及生物气化规律及其机理。结果表明,自然温度条件下,模拟填埋垃圾有机质降解和生物气化具有明显阶段性,与pH、ORP、温度等指标的阶段性变化存在相关性。产气阶段最佳条件包括:最适温度范围为31.0～36.0℃;最适pH范围为5.47～6.75,pH中性条件下产甲烷速率最高;ORP最适范围为-428～-541 mV,产甲烷高峰期ORP值为-519 mV,低于前人关于甲烷菌最适ORP的界定范围。每千克挥发性固体总生物气和甲烷产量分别为128.5 L和77.7 L,生物气和甲烷最大产气量分别为118.0 L/d和82.0 L/d,甲烷最大浓度为70.4%,产气高峰期与甲烷浓度高峰期同时出现。模拟成藏填埋垃圾有机质的稳定化过程具有明显的可诱导特征,关键因子的优化对有机质的降解及生物气化产生明显促进作用。     

Effects of bulking agent addition on odorous compounds emissions during composting of OFMSW

The effects of rice straw addition level on odorous compounds emissions in a pilot-scale organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) composting plant were investigated. The cumulative odorous compounds emissions occurred in a descending order of 40.22, 28.71 and 27.83 mg/dry kg of OFMSW for piles with rice straw addition level at ratio of 1:10, 2:10 and 3:10 (mixing ratio of rice straw to OFMSW on a wet basis), respectively. The mixing ratio of rice straw to OFMSW had a statistically significant effect on the reduction of malodorous sulfur compounds emissions, which had no statistically significant effect on the reduction of VFAs, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, aromatics and ammonia emissions during composting, respectively. The cumulative emissions of malodorous sulfur compounds from piles with the increasing rice straw addition level were 1.17, 1.08 and 0.88 mg/dry kg of OFMSW, respectively. The optimal mixing ratio of rice straw to OFMSW was 1:5. Using this addition level, the cumulative malodorous sulfur compounds emissions based on the organic matter degradation were the lowest during composting of OFMSW.     

施用污泥的土壤重金属元素有效性的影响因素

污泥农用是解决城市污泥出路较为合理的途径.但由于含较高量的重金属,它的应用受到限制.研究发现,进入土壤的重金属在不同的土壤类型、不同的土壤条件下,形态分布各不相同,而不同形态的重金属对植物的有效性和毒性也不相同,本文试图对土壤中影响重金属形态分布的因素及机制作一综述.     

不同种植年限蔬菜大棚土壤特性、重金属累积和生态风险

以河南省汝州市杨楼镇蔬菜大棚土壤为研究对象,探究不同种植年限蔬菜大棚土壤理化性质、重金属总量和赋存形态的差异规律,并利用单项潜在生态风险指数法和综合潜在生态风险指数法对不同种植年限大棚土壤中重金属的潜在生态风险进行评估.结果 表明,与对照组相比,蔬菜大棚土壤pH均有所提高,有机质、速效磷和碱解氮等肥力组分有一定程度的累...     

Heavy metals in a typical city-river-reservoir system of East China: Multi-phase distribution, microbial response and ecological risk

The rapid construction of artificial reservoirs in metropolises has promoted the emergence of city-river-reservoir systems worldwide. This study investigated the environmental behaviors and risks of heavy metals in the aquatic environment of a typical system composed of main watersheds in Suzhou and Jinze Reservoir in Shanghai. Results shown that Mn, Zn and Cu were the dominant metals detected in multiple phases. Cd, Mn and Zn were mainly presented in exchangeable fraction and exhibited high bio...