Complexation of arsenate with humic substance in water extract of compost

The interactions of environmental toxicants with organic substances affect the speciation and dynamics, and subsequent toxicity, mobility, and fate of toxicants in the environment. For the purpose of understanding the complexation of As(V) with humic substances, arsenate-containing solutions with As concentrations from 1 to 8 mg l⁻¹ were prepared to react with the water extract of compost (WEC). All the reaction systems including the control were incubated for 48 h at 25 °C. The complexation of As(V) with humic substance was examined by dialysis and ion exchange techniques. From 30% to 51% of added As(V) reacted with organic substance in WEC to form an As–metal–organic complex. This was verified as a hydrophobic organic fraction after separation of As–metal–organic complex fraction from the hydrophilic fraction by XAD-8 resin. The complex substance was also identified as a humic substance by the method of proton binding formation function determination. This suggests that cations, such as Ca and Mg, and especially Fe, Al, and Mn act in cation bridging in the complexation of As(V) with humic substance. The role of metals in the complexation of As(V) with humic substance in terrestrial and especially aquatic environments thus merits close attention.     

Changes in enantiomeric fraction as evidence of natural attenuation of mecoprop in a limestone aquifer

Natural attenuation of the chiral pesticide mecoprop [2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid] has been studied by determining changes in its enantiomeric fraction in different redox environments down gradient of a landfill in the Lincolnshire Limestone. Previous studies have shown that mecoprop degrades predominantly aerobically and that differences in the biological behaviour of the two enantiomers will change their relative proportions during biodegradation. Originally deposited as a racemic mixture, there has been no change in the enantiomeric fraction in the most polluted part of the landfill plume where conditions are sulphate reducing/methanogenic. In the nitrate-reducing zone, the proportion of (S)-mecoprop increases, suggesting preferential degradation of (R)-mecoprop; while in the aerobic zone, the proportion of (R)-mecoprop increases, suggesting faster degradation of (S)-mecoprop. Mecoprop persistence in the confined Lincolnshire Limestone further downdip is explained by inhibition of degradation in sulphate-reducing conditions, which develop naturally. Laboratory microcosm experiments using up to 10 mg l(-1) of mecoprop confirm these inferences and show that under aerobic conditions, (S)-mecoprop and (R)-mecoprop degrade with zero-order kinetics at rates of 1.90 and 1.32 mg l(-1) day(-1), respectively. Under nitrate-reducing conditions (S)-mecoprop does not degrade, but (R)-mecoprop degrades with zero-order kinetics at 0.65 mg l(-1) day(-1) to produce a stoichiometric equivalent amount of 4-chloro-2-methylphenol. This metabolite only degrades when the (R)-mecoprop has disappeared. The addition of nitrate to a dormant iron-reducing microcosm devoid of nitrate stimulated anaerobic degradation of (R)-mecoprop after a lag period of 21 days. There was no evidence for enantiomeric inversion. The study demonstrates the sensitivity of changes in enantiomeric fraction for detecting natural attenuation, and reveals subtle differences in mecoprop degradation in different redox environments within the Lincolnshire Limestone aquifer.     

我国城市生活垃圾组分含水率及其特征分析

含水率是预测生活垃圾能源回收和渗滤液污染潜力的关键参数,对选择合适的生活垃圾处理技术有重要意义.根据各物理组分组成比例和组分含水率,估算混合生活垃圾含水率,是规划和设计生活垃圾处理设施时的重要方法.本文通过分析近年来的文献资料,提出适合我国生活垃圾特征的典型物理组分含水率数据清单;比较20个中国城市文献数据的模拟估算与实测结果,发现对大部分城市的估算误差在10%以内,远低于采用丹麦,美国等发达国家数据的估算误差.对比中国、丹麦和美国的组分含水率数据清单,发现我国生活垃圾中的纸类、织物、塑料、渣石等组分的含水率显著偏高,原因在于我国生活垃圾的食品废物含量高,混合收集过程中水分在组分间迁移所致.     

温度对污泥热解产物及特性的影响

温度是污泥热解产物及产物分布状况的主要影响因素之一。为了确定最优的热解温度,为不同的热解工艺提供参考,用直径为200mm的外热式固定床反应器,以唐山西郊污水处理厂剩余污泥为实验物料,在终温为250～700℃并在初期通以氮气的情况下,对污泥的热解产物分布及特性进行了研究。实验表明:在物料成分和其它条件不变的情况下,热解反应所需时间随着热解终温的升高而缩短;热解气和热解焦油的质量分数增大;焦炭质量分数减小。热解焦炭的工业分析表明,随热解终温的升高挥发分减少、固定碳和灰分增加。热解焦油的热值在10～43MJ·kg-1之间;焦炭的热值10～24MJ·kg-1之间。     

热带滨海区不同土地利用背景下土壤溶解性有机氮的组成与粒径分布特征

溶解态有机氮(DON)是土壤中活跃的氮库,其生态环境行为与它的化学组成和粒径分布密切相关。为评估热带滨海区不同土地利用方式对不同粒径中土壤溶解性有机氮组成特征的影响,从水稻田、橡胶园、菜园和果园采集土壤样品,通过一系列微滤和超滤(0.7,0.45,0.2,0.1μm,100,10,1 kDa)对土壤溶解性有机氮分级,并使用连续流动分析仪、三维荧光光谱和红外光谱研究了滤液中溶解态有机氮、无机氮的含量及荧光组分和有机官能团特征。结果表明,4种土地利用背景下土壤DON值的范围为5.25-10.88 mg·kg^-1,其大小顺序为水稻>菜园>果树>橡胶,且DON与溶解性总氮(DTN)的比值范围为26.08%-67.11%,其中橡胶土最高,水稻土最低;不同粒径下4种土地利用类型土壤DON主要集中在<100 kDa的粒径中,其值范围为4.85-9.48 mg·kg^-1,占全量的85.89%-92.41%。三维荧光光谱(3D-EEMs)及平行因子分析表明,4种土地利用背景下土壤DON含有两种类腐殖质组分及一种类蛋白质组分,且以类腐殖质组分为主,占比54.00%-77.67%;类蛋白组分对土地利用变化敏感,且随着粒径的减小,类蛋白组分占比增加,在<1 kDa组分中比例最高。红外光谱结果表明,4种土地利用背景下土壤DON主要在6个位置有相似的吸收峰,包含3410 cm^-1、1636 cm^-1、1402 cm^-1、1138-1035 cm^-1、673 cm^-1、602 cm^-1,不同土地利用背景下各吸收峰的透光度不同,强度最大的吸收来自游离的胺类N-H伸缩振动;水稻、菜园土壤DON芳香物质含量较高,结构较复杂。了解DON的组成与粒径分布对土地利用的响应,对进一步研究其生态环境行为具有重要意义。     

湘南某矿区菜园土中典型重金属的形态分析

分别运用Tessier连续提取法和Leleyter连续提取法研究湘南某矿区菜园土中Pb,Zn,Cu和Cd的形态分布特征.结果表明：菜园土中Pb,Zn,Cu和Cd的总浓度严重超过国家土壤环境质量标准.Pb,Zn,Cu和Cd的主要形态是残渣态,水溶态和交换态所占比例较小.重金属生物可利用性的研究表明,Pb,Zn,Cu和Cd生物可利用的含量较少;在Tessier方法中,除Cu之外,生物不可利用态是主要形态,其次是潜在生物可利用态,而在Leleyter方法中,潜在生物可利用态是主要形态,其次是生物不可利用态.     

Effects of aluminum on NAD kinase activity in chloroplast fraction from leaves of rice seedlings

ＥｆｆｅｃｔｏｆａｌｕｍｉｎｕｍｏｎＮＡＤｋｉｎａｓｅａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｉｎｃｈｌｏｒｏｐｌａｓｔｆｒａｃｔｉｏｎｆｒｏｍｌｅａｖｅｓｏｆｒｉｃｅｓｅｅｄｌｉｎｇｓＬｉｕＪｉｎｑｉ；ＬｉｕＨｏｕｔｉａｎ（ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆ...     

海洋真核微藻粒级结构及其环境影响因素

采用高通量测序-分子鉴定分级技术于2018年对大长山岛临近海域微藻粒级结构进行了研究,同时探讨了叶绿素a分级法测算微藻粒级结构的误差.结果发现,叶绿素a分级法测算微微型藻类（< 3μm）误差高达82%,严重低估了小粒径微藻的组成,分子鉴定分级法测算春季小粒径微藻生物量组成平均为86%,夏季平均为52%,秋季平均为20%.春季优势种抑食金球藻生物量占41%,夏季优势种金牛微球藻生物量占21%,这2种微微型藻类会严重影响滤食性贝类正常摄食生长,养殖风险较高.总氮、总磷、溶解硅等环境因子和贝类摄食的下行效应影响着该海域微藻粒级结构的变化.     

隧道内氨气泄漏扩散分布特征数值模拟

为分析运输过程中液氨罐车在隧道内泄漏的危险性,利用Fire Dynamics Simulator(FDS)软件模拟氨气在隧道内的扩散过程,发展了隧道内氨气泄漏扩散体积分数分布特征经验公式。采用大涡模拟处理湍流流动,以便兼顾计算精度和计算效率。考虑储罐车发生泄漏后停止不动,液氨在泄漏瞬间转变为气体,模拟在连续点源泄漏情况下的氨气射流及扩散过程。结果表明,高体积分数危险区域主要集中在隧道顶棚附近,更高截面的体积分数处于爆炸极限的区域更长。泄漏源与洞口之间的隧道中段区域的体积分数梯度相对两端较小,此中段区域也是人员安全高度截面最高氨气体积分数发生位置。最大泄漏量情况下氨气在沿纵向扩散过程中平均运动速率保持在0.63~1.06 m/s,扩散速率随纵向距离增加而降低。顶棚氨气体积分数升高程度随纵向距离增加呈幂函数降低,体积分数沿纵向衰减规律适用于其他泄漏量的情况。后期工作可考虑开展缩尺试验,并同时考虑通风条件等因素对氨气泄漏扩散的影响研究。发展的氨气在隧道内泄漏扩散的体积分数分布经验公式可为氨气事故后果评价、应急处置等工作提供参考。     

华北平原夏收期间气溶胶卫星遥感探测分析

为研究2014年华北平原在夏收期间气溶胶污染的时空分布特征及形成原因,对2014年6月MODIS卫星的华北平原的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)、细粒子比(FMF)、火点分布及后向轨迹进行了分析.结果表明,2014年6月华北平原的气溶胶光学厚度值在1.2~2.0之间,远高于年平均值1.0~1.2,而6月的火点分布主要集中在6—14日,此阶段的气溶胶光学厚度值高于6月6日前及14日以后的气溶胶光学厚度值.在两个特定研究区——华北南部及长三角地区,通过对6月的3个阶段的细粒子比进行分析,发现火点集中阶段细粒子排放增多,确定此次污染极有可能是由秸秆燃烧造成.在火点集中时期,两个研究区的后向轨迹说明,污染主要来自火点分布密集区域,进一步确定了秸秆燃烧是华北平原在夏收期间的主要污染源之一.