铅锌冶炼厂不同工艺铅元素粒径分布特征

使用安德森撞击式粒径分级采样器,分别对陕西某铅锌冶炼厂熔炼备料、鼓风熔炼炉和铸铅工艺无组织颗粒物进行分级采样,并分析不同工艺各粒径段颗粒物中的铅元素含量及粒径分布特征.结果表明,不同工艺颗粒物的排放量有所不同,其中鼓风炉熔炼工艺颗粒物排放量最大,为402.83 mg·h-1,熔炼备料和铸铅工艺分别为182.71 mg·h-1和100.03 mg·h-1;各工艺段颗粒物中的铅元素含量也不相同,其中熔炼备料工艺颗粒物中铅元素质量分数为111.54 mg·kg-1,鼓风炉熔炼68.54mg·kg-1、铸铅工艺10.5 mg·kg-1;从粒径分布来看,熔炼备料和鼓风炉熔炼铅元素主要集中在粗粒径范围,而铸铅工艺在粗、细粒径段中比重相当,其中熔炼备料粗粒径铅元素占总量的质量分数为43.42%,鼓风炉熔炼占到了47.48%,铸铅工艺粗、细粒径中铅元素分别占37.14%、45.72%;熔炼备料和铸铅工艺在粗粒径和细粒径范围内均有峰值出现,而鼓风炉熔炼铅元素峰值主要出现在粗粒径段;各工艺铅元素累积频率分布曲线均符合对数正态分布.     

昆仑山北坡黄土粒度特征与环境意义初探

昆仑山北坡沉积了极端干旱区巨厚的黄土,不仅记录了塔克拉玛干沙漠的发生发展过程, 也蕴含了西风环流的演化信息。该地区气候干旱,成壤作用弱,靠近物源,黄土记录了沉积时 的粒度特征,是研究风动力变化的良好载体。本文选取昆仑山北坡的普鲁剖面进行详细的粒度 分析,结果表明黄土颗粒较粗,是沙漠的近源沉积,搬运动力较强。通过粒级– 标准偏差变化 计算,黄土粒度可以分为粉砂（<36 μm）和细砂（>36 μm）两个敏感粒级组分。依据塔里木盆 地内的现代环流特征,粉砂组分主要与近地面较弱的环流风场有关,而细砂组分主要由盆地南 缘频发的沙尘暴搬运,并且沙尘暴对沙尘的搬运作用可能更为显著。     

贡嘎山冷杉林带草海子小流域土壤及湖泊沉积物中磷的形态及迁移特征

磷（P）是控制水体生态系统生产力的重要元素,了解陆地与水体间P的迁移特征,是了解控制水体生态系统中P有效供给的重要途径。本研究选择青藏高原东缘贡嘎山海拔2800 m左右峨眉冷杉林带中一小湖泊——草海子及其流域,通过对流域内土壤、湖泊沉积物中P的形态组成分析,探讨流域内P的形态组成及其迁移特征。结果表明,草海子流域内土壤成土母质中的磷以Ca-P为主,表层土壤中的磷以Al、Fe结合态为主,占总磷的49%~80%,而湖泊沉积物中Al、Fe结合态P下降到46%左右。在成土作用及植物吸收的过程中P由土壤剖面下部向上迁移,迁移的主要形态为树脂提取态（或称可交换态,R-P）,而R-P还是由陆地向水体迁移的主要形态P。土壤的Al、Fe结合态P难以释放转化,因此少有随地表径流迁移向湖泊。     

Treatability of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbon-contaminated soils of different textures along a vertical profile by mechanical soil aeration: A laboratory test

Mechanical soil aeration is a simple, effective, and low-cost soil remediation technology that is suitable for sites contaminated with volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons(VCHs). Conventionally, this technique is used to treat the mixed soil of a site without considering the diversity and treatability of different soils within the site. A laboratory test was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of mechanical soil aeration for remediating soils of different textures(silty,clayey, and sandy soils) along a vertical profile at an abandoned chloro-alkali chemical site in China. The collected soils were artificially contaminated with chloroform(TCM) and trichloroethylene(TCE). Mechanical soil aeration was effective for remediating VCHs(removal efficiency 98%). The volatilization process was described by an exponential kinetic function.In the early stage of treatment(0–7 hr), rapid contaminant volatilization followed a pseudofirst order kinetic model. VCH concentrations decreased to low levels and showed a tailing phenomenon with very slow contaminant release after 8 hr. Compared with silty and sandy soils, clayey soil has high organic-matter content, a large specific surface area, a high clay fraction, and a complex pore structure. These characteristics substantially influenced the removal process, making it less efficient, more time consuming, and consequently more expensive. Our findings provide a potential basis for optimizing soil remediation strategy in a cost-effective manner.     

不同空气质量等级下环境空气颗粒物及其碳组分变化特征

为研究不同空气质量等级下环境空气颗粒物及其碳组分变化特征,于2016年3月在廊坊市对环境空气中PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和PM1质量浓度及PM_(2.5)中碳组分质量浓度进行了在线监测.结果表明,监测期间廊坊市PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和PM1质量浓度较高,其分别为204.1、107.9和87.8μg·m~(-3),日变化趋势呈双峰型分布.总体来说,当空气质量越好,PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM1及其碳组分(OC、EC、SOC和POC)质量浓度越低,PM1/PM_(2.5)、PM1/PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)比值越小.但"中度污染"时,PM_(10)质量浓度最高,且PM1/PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)达到谷底值;同时OC质量浓度比"轻度污染"略低,而明显低于"重度污染",且主要出现在13:00~23:00,表明"中度污染"时细颗粒物和超细颗粒物占比下降,与其对应的首要污染物相一致.此外,OC/EC比值大于2.0,通过最小OC/EC比值法估算PM_(2.5)中SOC和POC,其浓度均值分别为12.2μg·m~(-3)和5.0μg·m~(-3).     

Long-term leaching of uranium from different waste matrices

A semi-dynamic leaching test was carried out for metallurgical wastes and ore samples from the uranium and copper mining industry over a 142 day period using distilled water and 0.1N NaNO(3) as solvents. Laser fluorimetry was used as the analytical technique to determine the total uranium content in the leachates. The cumulative leach fraction (CLF) of uranium release from the samples was calculated to be 0.22, 0.22, 0.07 and 0.39% for rock, uranium tailings, copper kinker ash samples and copper tailings respectively using distilled water as solvent and 0.31, 0.27, 0.05 and 0.59% for the same matrices using 0.1N NaNO(3). The release of mobile uranium fraction was very slow, being faster in the initial stage and then attained a near steady state condition. The diffusion coefficient and bulk release of uranium from the samples have been calculated. The processes governing the release of uranium from these matrices have been identified to be surface wash-off and diffusion. Hence the use of weak solvents (leach out the mobile/exchangeable fraction of uranium) under semi-dynamic conditions aids the determination of leaching parameters and identification of the leaching mechanism for mobile uranium fraction from different matrices by slow leaching processes.     

液化石油气点火能试验及爆炸火焰传播分析

为研究液化石油气体积分数与点火能的关系以及爆炸火焰的传播过程,在实验室应用特制的爆炸试验装置,采用调节点火能和液化石油气体积分数的方法,进行一系列爆炸试验,并使用高速摄像机记录爆炸的动态过程。试验结果表明,当液化石油气的试验爆炸体积分数在5%～9%时,其体积分数与点火能之间呈现比较平缓的变化关系,而当其体积分数小于5%或大于9%时,体积分数的稍微变化,其点火能将发生显著的变化。爆炸过程图像分析显示,在爆炸初期,火焰阵面的微分加速起主导作用。随着火焰从点火源位置向四周扩散,光滑的层流火焰开始逐步"湍流化",火焰阵面出现皱折,燃烧面积增加,火焰传播速度逐渐上升直至最大值。在整个过程中,火焰阵面出现非稳定的加速。     

短期氮添加对黄土高原人工刺槐林土壤有机碳组分的影响

人类活动背景下,氮(N)沉降持续影响着生态系统的碳循环.氮沉降对土壤有机碳的影响与不同碳组分的差异性响应有关.为探究短期氮沉降背景下土壤有机碳组分变化及其影响因素,基于野外氮添加试验,以刺槐人工林为研究对象,共设置4个氮添加梯度：0(CK)、1.5(N1)、3(N2)和6(N3) g·(m²·a)^-1,分别在6月和9月进行取样,测定土壤理化性质、微生物生物量和酶活性.结果表明：(1)外源氮输入降低了土壤pH,促进可溶性有机碳含量的增加,增加了土壤氮素有效性.(2)短期氮添加显著降低了土壤有机碳含量,且有机碳各组分对氮添加响应不同.其中,易氧化有机碳含量显著降低,且在N2处理下达到最低,与对照相比分别降低了54.4%和48.2%,惰性有机碳含量增加,但增加不显著.氮添加降低了土壤碳库活度,提高了土壤碳库的稳定性.土壤碳库活度分别在N3和N2处理下达到最低,与对照相比分别降低了53.3%和52.80%.(3)随机森林模型表明,短期氮添加下土壤微生物生物量化学计量比、微生物生物量碳和AP是驱动土壤有机碳活度变化的关键因子,分别解释了易氧化有机碳和惰...     

椰纤维生物炭及其硝酸改性对稻田土壤中Pb钝化的影响

通过土壤培养实验,并结合扫描电镜(SEM)、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、同步辐射X射线荧光(μ-XRF)和傅立叶变换红外吸收光谱(FTIR)等光谱学技术,探明椰纤维生物炭(CFB)和硝酸改性椰纤维生物炭(NCFB)对稻田土壤钝化外源铅(Pb)的效果及其内在机制.与CFB相比,NCFB蜂窝状孔内壁更粗糙,且硝酸改性后CFB表面含C—O结构的醇酚醚类官能团量明显降低,含■结构的羧基类的官能团量明显增加.相较于培养150 d后的对照(不添加生物炭)稻田土壤,添加CFB和NCFB的稻田土壤中EDTA提取态Pb含量分别降低了39.7%和105.4%.添加NCFB的土壤中碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态Pb含量显著降低且有机结合态和残渣态Pb含量则显著升高,SRXRF扫描结果可知外源Pb在富含Ca和Cu元素的CFB颗粒微区大量富集,在富含Fe、 Mn和Ti元素的土壤团聚体微区富集相对较少.另外,培养实验中,相较于无外源Pb时A-CFB和A-NCFB,有外源Pb时A-CFB_Pb和A-NCFB_Pb中的羧酸盐特征峰(1 384 cm^-1)...