5种有机磷农药标准物质高效液相制备技术的研究

采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法,对5种有机磷农药(OPPs)同时进行分离、制备,对其紫外检测波长、流动相比例进行了优化,对方法的精密度和最小检出限进行了考查.结果表明,以甲醇:水(70:30,V/V)作为流动相、波长为210 nm、流速为1.0 mL/min等梯度洗脱条件下,HPLC完全可以分离5种OPPs化工产品(氧...     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land.A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi.The loamy soil was mixed with 0%,20%,40%,60% and 80%(by weight)of digested sewage sludge(SS)and composted sludge (SC).The additions of the both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions,resulting in that exchangeable(EXCH)and organic matter(OM) became predominance for Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion.There was more available amount for Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments.During the pot experiment,the concentration of Zn in EXCH,carbonate(CAR)and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments,so their bioavailability reduced.Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi.The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments.Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship toΔEXCH andΔCAR forms but also inΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures.Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted byΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time,which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

基于物种敏感性分布的保护海水水生生物的石油烃急性毒性基准研究

溢油污染对水生生物的危害以及分散剂使用对原油毒性的影响一直是溢油应急响应及危害评估时关注的焦点。本研究收集筛选了基于标准测试方法的90组急性毒性数据(LC50/EC50),其中37组毒性数据来自15种油品的水容纳组分(water accommodated fraction,WAF),53组来自11种化学分散剂与15种油品的分散液(chemically dispersed water accommodated fraction,CEWAF),应用物种敏感性分布(species sensitivity distribution,SSD)方法推导了基于水生生物保护的石油烃总量(total petroleum hydrocarbon,TPH)的急性毒性基准值,同时还分析了分散剂和不同暴露方式对原油毒性的影响。结果显示,以名义浓度(nominal concentrations)所表示的毒性结果可能高估分散剂对原油毒性的影响,基于CEWAF和WAF的LC50/EC50所推导的有害浓度(HC5s)差异较小,计算出的保护水生生物TPH急性毒性基准值为0.38 mg·L-1(TPH);鱼类对原油污染的响应明显敏感于甲壳类;同时证明了SSD方法在溢油毒性评估及风险阈值推导中具有可行性和合理性。     

Immobilization of lead in anthropogenic contaminated soils using phosphates with/without oxalic acid

Understanding the effects of oxalic acid (OA) on the immobilization of Pb(II) in contaminated soils by phosphate materials, has considerable benefits for risk assessment and remediation strategies for the soil. A series of phosphate amendments with/without oxalic acid were applied to two anthropogenic contaminated soils. We investigated the immobilization of Pb(II) by KH₂PO₄, phosphate rock (PR), activated phosphate rock (APR) and synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAP) at different phosphate:Pb (P:Pb) molar ratios (0, 0.6, 2.0 and 4.0) in the presence/absence of 50 mmol oxalic acid/kg soil, respectively. The effects of treatments were evaluated using single extraction with deionized water or CaCl₂, Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) methods. Our results showed that the concentration of water extractable, exchangeable and TCLP-Pb all decreased with incubation time. The concentration of water-extractable Pb after 120 days was reduced by 100% when soils were amended with APR, HAP and HAP + OA, and the TCLP-Pb was < 5 mg/L for the red soil at P:Pb molar ratio 4.0.Water-soluble Pb could not be detected and the TCLP-Pb was < 5 mg/L at all treatments applied to the yellow-brown soil. BCR results indicated that APRwasmost effective, although a slight enhancement of water-soluble phosphate was detected at the P:Pbmolar ratio 4.0 at the beginning of incubation. Oxalic acid activated phosphates, and so mixing insoluble phosphates with oxalic acid may be a useful strategy to improve their effectiveness in reducing Pb bioavailability.     

二噁英/呋喃类的PGC柱-高效液相色谱精制法

针对现行二英物质的三氧化二铝柱分离净化技术的缺陷,介绍了目前最新的二英类物质间的单离纯化技术———高效PGC(PorousGraphiticCarbon)柱-液相色谱分离方法的实际应用。通过13C-二英类物质的实际分离条件以及分析流程的研究,二英类的最终纯化技术达到自动化。对实际土壤中二英类物质的分析结果表明:单分离二英类物质组分效果良好,回收率稳定达到99%以上,自动化程度高;溶剂用量少,安全性好;排除了人为干扰,减少了操作过程的失败。      

不同污染程度湖泊沉积物中不同粒级可转化态氮分布

研究了污染程度不同的五里湖、月湖、东太湖和贡湖不同粒级沉积物中总可转化态氮以及各形态可转化态氮的含量与分布.结果表明:4个湖泊的沉积物各粒级中各形态可转化态氮的含量及其地球化学特征均不相同.强氧化剂可提取态氮(SOEF-N)是释放能力最弱的形态,为可转化态氮的主体,占总可转化态氮的66.97%～87.97%.离子交换态氮(IEF-N)结合能力最弱,是最容易被释放的形态,为可转化态无机氮的主体,占总可转化态氮的7.37%～22.25%.同一粒级中,各形态可转化态氮对氮循环的贡献为SOEF-N最大,IEF-N其次,强碱可浸取态氮(SAEF-N)与弱酸可浸取态氮(WAEF-N)最低.随着沉积物粒级的由粗到细,总可转化态氮以及各形态可转化态氮含量均呈逐渐增加趋势.沉积物细颗粒部分对氮循环的可能贡献占绝对的主体,是粗颗粒部分的几倍到几十倍.相比而言,污染程度轻的贡湖和东太湖沉积物无论总可转化态氮还是各形态可转化态氮,细颗粒部分的相对含量均低于污染程度重的五里湖和月湖沉积物.      

Experimental investigation of bubbly flow and turbulence in hydraulic jumps

Many environmental problems are linked to multiphase flows encompassing ecological issues, chemical processes and mixing or diffusion, with applications in different engineering fields. The transition from a supercritical flow to a subcritical motion constitutes a hydraulic jump. This flow regime is characterised by strong interactions between turbulence, free surface and air–water mixing. Although a hydraulic jump contributes to some dissipation of the flow kinetic energy, it is also associated with increases of turbulent shear stresses and the development of turbulent eddies with implications in terms of scour, erosion and sediment transport. Despite a number of experimental, theoretical and numerical studies, there is a lack of knowledge concerning the physical mechanisms involved in the diffusion and air–water mixing processes within hydraulic jumps, as well as on the interaction between the free-surface and turbulence. New experimental investigations were undertaken in hydraulic jumps with Froude numbers up to Fr = 8.3. Two-phase flow measurements were performed with phase-detection conductivity probes. Basic results related to the distributions of void fraction, bubble frequency and mean bubble chord length are presented. New developments are discussed for the interfacial bubble velocities and their fluctuations, characterizing the turbulence level and integral time scales of turbulence representing a “lifetime” of the longitudinal bubbly flow structures. The analyses show good agreement with previous studies in terms of the vertical profiles of void fraction, bubble frequency and mean bubble chord length. The dimensionless distributions of interfacial velocities compared favourably with wall-jet equations. Measurements showed high turbulence levels. Turbulence time scales were found to be dependent on the distance downstream of the toe as well as on the distance to the bottom showing the importance of the lower (channel bed) and upper (free surface) boundary conditions on the turbulence structure.     

Photoenhanced toxicity of a weathered oil onCeriodaphnia dubia reproduction

Traditionally, the toxic effects of petroleum have been investigated by conducting studies in the absence of ultraviolet radiation (UV). Photomediated toxicity is often not considered, and the toxic effects of an oil spill can be grossly underestimated. The toxicity of a weathered oil collected from a monitoring well at an abandoned oil field toCeriodaphnia dubia was examined in the presence of UV. A solar simulator equipped with UVB, UVA, and cool white lamps was used to generate environmentally comparable solar radiation intensities.C. dubia were exposed to six concentrations of water accommodated fractions (WAF) of weathered oil in conjunction with three levels of laboratory simulated UV (Reference = < 0.002 μW/cm²UVB; 3.0 μW/cm² UVA; Low = 0.30 μW/cm² UVB; 75.0 μW/cm² UVA; High = 2.0 μW/cm² UVB; 340.0 μW/cm² UVA) and visible light. Seven day static renewal bioassays were used to characterize WAF/UV toxicity. WAF toxicity significantly (p < 0.05) increased when the organisms were exposed to WAF in the presence of UV. The photoenhanced toxicity of the WAF increased with WAF concentration within each UV regime. Relative to the reference light regime, the average number of neonates from adults exposed to 1.6 mg TPH/L decreased significantly by 20% within the low light regime, and by 60% within the high light regime. These results indicate that organisms exposed to dissolved-phase weathered oil in the presence of environmentally realistic solar radiation, exhibit 1.3–2.5 times greater sensitivity, relative to organisms exposed under traditional laboratory fluorescent lighting.     

Dose estimation and radon action level problems due to nanosize radon progeny aerosols in underground manganese ore mine

One of the essential parameters influencing of the dose conversion factor is the ratio of unattached short-lived radon progeny. This may differ from the value identified for indoor conditions when considering special workplaces such as mines. Inevitably, application of the dose conversion factors used in surface workplaces considerably reduces the reliability of dose estimation in the case of mines.This paper surveyed the concentration of radon and its short-lived radon progeny and identified the unattached fraction of short-lived radon progeny. As well equilibrium factor during the month of August was calculated simultaneously at two extraction faces in a manganese ore mine.During working hours the average radon concentrations were 220 Bq m⁻³ and 530 Bq m⁻³ at Faces 1 and 2; the average short-lived progeny concentration was 90 Bq m⁻³ and 190 Bq m⁻³, the average equilibrium factors were 0.46 and 0.36, and the average unattached fractions were 0.21 and 0.17, respectively. The calculated dose conversion factor was between 9 and 27 mSv WLM⁻¹, but higher values could also be possible.     

Chemical and microbiological hazards associated with recycling of anaerobic digested residue intended for agricultural use

In the present study, three full-scale biogas plants (BGP) were investigated for the concentration of heavy metals, organic pollutants, pesticides and the pathogenic bacteria Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli in the anaerobically digested residues (ADR). The BGPs mainly utilize source-separated organic wastes and industrial food waste as energy sources and separate the ADR into an ADR-liquid and an ADR-solid fraction by centrifugation at the BGP. According to the Norwegian standard for organic fertilizers, the ADR were classified as quality 1 mainly because of high zinc (132-422 mg kg(-1) DM) and copper (23-93 mg kg(-1) DM) concentrations, but also because of high cadmium (0.21-0.60 mg kg(-1) DM) concentrations in the liquid-ADR. In the screening of organic pollutants, only DEHP (9.7-62.1 mg kg(-1)) and ∑ PAH 16 (0.2-1.98 mg kg(-1) DM) were detected in high concentrations according to international regulations. Of the 250 pesticides analyzed, 11 were detected, but only imazalil (<0.30-5.77 mg kg(-1) DM) and thiabendazol (<0.14-0.73 mg kg(-1) DM) were frequently detected in the ADR-fiber. Concentrations of imazalil and thiabendazol were highest during the winter months, due to a high consumption of citrus fruits in Norway in this period. Ten percent of the ADR-liquid samples contained cereulide-producing B. cereus, whereas no verotoxigenic E. coli was detected. The authors conclude that the risk of chemical and bacterial contamination of the food chain or the environment from agricultural use of ADR seems low.