Parameters affecting the stability of the digestate from a two-stage anaerobic process treating the organic fraction of municipal solid waste

This paper focused on the factors affecting the respiration rate of the digestate taken from a continuous anaerobic two-stage process treating the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). The process involved a hydrolytic reactor (HR) that produced a leachate fed to a submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAMBR). It was found that a volatile solids (VS) removal in the range 40-75% and an operating temperature in the HR between 21 and 35 °C resulted in digestates with similar respiration rates, with all digestates requiring 17 days of aeration before satisfying the British Standard Institution stability threshold of 16 mg CO₂ g VS⁻¹ day⁻¹. Sanitization of the digestate at 65 °C for 7 days allowed a mature digestate to be obtained. At 4 g VS L⁻¹ d⁻¹ and Solid Retention Times (SRT) greater than 70 days, all the digestates emitted CO₂ at a rate lower than 25 mg CO₂ g VS⁻¹ d⁻¹ after 3 days of aeration, while at SRT lower than 20 days all the digestates displayed a respiration rate greater than 25 mg CO₂ g VS⁻¹ d⁻¹. The compliance criteria for Class I digestate set by the European Commission (EC) and British Standard Institution (BSI) could not be met because of nickel and chromium contamination, which was probably due to attrition of the stainless steel stirrer in the HR.     

Plant uptake of pesticides and human health: dynamic modeling of residues in wheat and ingestion intake

Human intake of pesticide residues from consumption of processed food plays an important role for evaluating current agricultural practice. We take advantage of latest developments in crop-specific plant uptake modeling and propose an innovative dynamic model to estimate pesticide residues in the wheat-environment system, dynamiCROP. We used this model to analyze uptake and translocation of pesticides in wheat after foliar spray application and subsequent intake fractions by humans. Based on the evolution of residues in edible parts of harvested wheat we predict that between 22 mg and 2.1 g per kg applied pesticide are taken in by humans via consumption of processed wheat products. Model results were compared with experimentally derived concentrations in wheat ears and with estimated intake via inhalation and ingestion caused by indirect emissions, i.e. the amount lost to the environment during pesticide application. Modeled and measured concentrations in wheat fitted very well and deviate from less than a factor 1.5 for chlorothalonil to a maximum factor 3 for tebuconazole. Main aspects influencing pesticide fate behavior are degradation half-life in plant and time between pesticide application and crop harvest, leading to variations in harvest fraction of at least three orders of magnitude. Food processing may further reduce residues by approximately 63%. Intake fractions from residues in sprayed wheat were up to four orders of magnitude higher than intake fractions estimated from indirect emissions, thereby demonstrating the importance of exposure from consumption of food crops after direct pesticide treatment.     

自然通风房间内细水雾与油池火作用的数值模拟

采用大涡模拟、混合物分数燃烧模型和欧拉-拉格朗日粒子运动描述法,对自然通风房间内细水雾与油池火焰作用过程进行数值模拟;探讨细水雾在火羽流的不同区域内的灭火机理;分析雾滴直径在自然通风条件下对细水雾灭火效果的影响。模拟结果表明:细水雾冷却热烟气层分为温度迅速降低和缓慢下降两个阶段;在间歇火焰区和浮力羽流区以及热烟气层主要发挥细水雾的蒸发冷却作用,在恒定火焰区则是蒸发冷却和隔氧窒息共同作用;着火区域封闭性较差时,直径较小的水雾系统的灭火效果较低。     

生物浸取电解锰渣中锰的研究

为了评价生物法浸取电解锰渣中锰的可行性,利用锰渣土壤中筛选出的2种锰抗性强的微生物Serratia sp.和Fusarium sp.浸取电解锰渣中的锰,并采用优化的BCR（European Community Bureau of Reference）连续萃取方案对浸取前后的金属锰进行形态分析,研究其浸出率和浸取前后锰的形态变化特征。同时考察了3种萃取剂EDTA、HNO₃和CaCl₂对锰的萃取效率及萃取后金属锰的形态变化。研究结果表明,Serratia sp.和Fusarium sp.对锰都表现出一定的浸取能力,Fusarium sp.的浸取能力尤为显著,3 d后锰浸出率达到56.5%,为锰污染的微生物治理和资源化利用提供科学依据。3种萃取剂对锰的浸取效果为EDTA>HNO₃>CaCl₂,平均萃取效率依次为50.0%、28.8%和21.2%。浸取前后,酸溶解态锰所占比例变化较显著,说明酸溶解态锰是比较容易浸取的形态。     

Availability and bio-accessibility of metals in the clay fraction of urban soils of Sevilla

The availability of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn present in the finest size particles of urban soils is studied by comparing the concentrations in the clay fraction with those extracted from the whole soil by either single-extraction or sequential extraction method. Many metals are preferentially present in the finest particles as compared to coarser fractions. This is true for most metals studied, except Mn and, perhaps, Cd. Those metals present in the clay fraction are often in easily bio-accessible forms, especially Cu, Pb and Zn. The results suggest that bio-accessible forms of these three metals are distributed among the three sequential fractions, and even the fraction considered as ‘residual’ is also bio-accessible to a significant extent. The statistical analysis shows some distinctions among metals that are compared to the ‘urban’, ‘natural’, or intermediate behaviour of the various metals as proposed earlier in the literature.     

铜在沉积物不同稳定性组分上的吸附特征

沉积物中不同成分的稳定性对重金属的迁移转化有重要影响。按照在自然条件下不同成分的稳定性将沉积物分为3个组分(轻组(LF)、腐殖质(HS)、去除HS的重组(HFRHS))。研究了铜在沉积物及其不同组分上的吸附动力学、吸附等温线以及pH对吸附的影响。结果表明,在沉积物中,LF与HS对吸附铜的速率起控制作用,而HFRHS是主要的吸附组分,pH对铜的吸附有较大影响。在自然环境中,控制LF和HS的迁移转化,可以有效降低铜的迁移能力,减小对环境的影响。     

纳米沸石对大白菜生长、抗氧化酶活性及镉形态、含量的影响

通过土培试验研究了纳米沸石(NZ)和普通沸石(OZ)对2个品种白菜生长、抗氧化酶活性,镉形态和含量的影响.结果表明,施用沸石明显提高了大白菜地上部和根部过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,使大白菜地上部、植株总干重分别增加了4.5%~96.5%、3.4%~88.4%.施用纳米沸石和普通沸石有效降低了2个品种大白菜地上部和根部镉含量,且降低幅度随沸石施用量的增加而增加.低镉(1 mg·kg~(-1)Cd)条件下,山东四号和新晋菜三号大白菜可食部位(地上部)镉含量较对照(Cd_1+Z_0)分别降低了1.0%~75.0%、19.5%~68.9%(除Cd_1+OZ_5/OZ_(10)处理).高镉水平(5 mg·kg~(-1)Cd)条件下,山东四号和新晋菜三号大白菜可食部位(地上部)镉含量较对照(Cd_5+Z_0)分别降低了7.2%~53.2%(除Cd_5+OZ_(10)处理)、0.7%~63.0%.与普通沸石相比较,纳米沸石处理大白菜可食部位(地上部)镉含量降低10.5%~65.7%.在镉污染土壤上(1 mg·kg~(-1)和5 mg·kg~(-1)Cd),施用纳米沸石和普通沸石使山东四号品种大白菜可食部位(地上部)镉提取总量分别降低了12.4%~68.8%和13.2%~55.6%(除Cd_5+OZ_5处理),使新晋菜三号大白菜可食部位(地上部)镉提取总量分别降低了9.4%~71.5%和3.1%~38.7%(除Cd_1+OZ_5处理),且随着施用量的增加,降低幅度更大.     

贵州普定喀斯特关键带土壤重金属形态特征及风险评价

采用BCR分步提取法对普定喀斯特关键带不同土地利用方式下土壤重金属(如Cd、 Cr、 Zn、 Fe、 Ni和Mn)的分布及其形态进行分析,评估了重金属的生物有效性以及生态环境潜在风险.结果表明,土壤重金属Fe、 Zn、 Cr和Ni主要以残渣态的形式存在,不易被生物所利用;而Cd和Mn的有效态含量较高,有较强的迁移性和生物有效性.普定土壤中丰富的有机质有利于重金属Cd、 Fe、 Cr和Ni的可氧化态转化,Ni、 Fe和Mn的可氧化态倾向于富集在土壤大团聚体内.风险评估指数法(RAC)和次生相与原生相分布比值法(RSP)评估结果显示,普定土壤表现出轻微生态危害,土壤中大部分重金属(除Cd)对生态环境有较低的风险,耕地和弃耕地中Cd对环境构成的风险更高,与施肥和喷洒农药等活动造成土壤中外源金属元素输入有关.     

采用连续分级提取法研究沉积物中磷的化学形态

沉积物中磷的潜在释放很大程度上取决于有机磷和无机磷的组分和分布. 为研究沉积物中不同形态磷的释放能力及其生物可利用性大小,采用连续分级提取法,以NH₄Cl、NaHCO₃、NaOH和HCl作为提取剂,同时对沉积物中有机磷和无机磷的赋存形态进行分析,将无机磷分为WA-P_i(弱吸附态无机磷)、PA-P_i(潜在活性无机磷)、Fe/Al-P_i(Fe/Al结合态无机磷)和Ca-P_i(Ca结合态无机磷);将有机磷分为WA-P_o(弱吸附态有机磷)、PA-P_o(潜在活性有机磷)、MA-P_o(中活性有机磷)和NA-P_o(非活性有机磷),并以蠡湖表层沉积物样品为例,考察了该方法的回收率及蠡湖沉积物中的磷形态. 结果表明:①该方法具有较好的回收率,与SMT(标准测量和测试)法测定结果比较,连续分级提取法对TP、无机磷、有机磷的回收率分别为93.3%~112.1%、93.9%~111.5%、76.4%~119.9%,平均值分别为99.4%、101.8%、101.0%. ②蠡湖表层沉积物中的磷以无机磷为主,其质量分数在271.29~666.34 mg/kg之间,平均值为441.03 mg/kg,占w(TP)的62.91%;不同形态无机磷质量分数表现为w(Ca-P_i)>w(Fe/Al-P_i)>w(PA-P_i)>w(WA-P_i). 有机磷的质量分数在201.76~368.52 mg/kg之间,不同形态有机磷质量分数表现为w(R-P_o)(R-P_o为残渣态磷)>w(NA_NaOH-P_o)(NA_NaOH-P_o为NaDH提取非活性有机磷)>w(PA-P_o)>w(MA_HCl-P_o)(MA_HCl-P_o为HCl提取中活性有机磷)>w(WA-P_o)>w(MA_NaOH-P_o)(MA_NaOH-P_o为NaOH提取中活性有机磷). 改进后的连续分级提取法能够同时有效分离沉积物中无机磷和有机磷的化学形态,并且能兼顾沉积物生物可利用性磷分析测试的需要.      

Hydrodynamic characteristics of a four-compartment periodic anaerobic ba ed reactor

Periodic anaerobic baffled reactor (PABR) is a novel reactor based on the design concept of anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). Residence time distribution (RTD) studies on both clean and working reactors at the same hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 2 d were carried out to investigate the dead spaces and mixing patterns in PABRs at different organic loading rates (OLRs) in various switching manners and frequencies.The results showed that the fraction of dead space in PABR was similar to that in ABR,which was low in comparison with other reactor designs.Dead space may be divided into two categories,hydraulic and biological.In RTD studies without biomass,the hydraulic dead space in the PABR run in an"every second"switching manner with T=2 d was the lowest whereas that in the PABR run in a T=∞(ABR) switching manner was the highest.The same trend was obtained with the total dead space in RTD studies with biomass no matter what the OLR was.Biological dead space was the major contributor to dead space but affected decreasingly at higher OLR whichever switching manner the PABR run in.The flow patterns within the PABRs were intermediate between plug-flow and perfectly mixed under all the conditions tested.