Cr(VI) reduction capability of humic acid extracted from the organic component of municipal solid waste

The capacity of humic acid extracted from organic waste (HAw) to reduce Cr(Ⅵ) was tested at pH 2.5,4 and 6 and compared with coal-derived humic acid (HAc).HAw was more effective than HAc in reducing Cr(Ⅵ).The kinetics of Cr(Ⅵ) reductions depended strongly on pH.The calculation of the apparent rate coefficients indicated that HAw was more efficient at reducing Cr(Ⅵ) than HAc,but was also more efficient than HAs from soil and peat.The reduction capability of HAs depends on the type of functional groups (i.e.,thiols and phenols) present,rather than the free radicals.HAw was more efficient at reducing Cr(Ⅵ) than HAc because more reactive phenols were present,i.e.,methoxy-and methyl-phenols.     

2015年南京市城区挥发性有机物组成特征及大气反应活性

采用GC-FID自动在线监测系统对南京市2015年环境大气中56种VOCs开展了为期1a的连续观测.结果表明,南京市城区大气VOCs小时平均体积分数为（17.49±11.35）×10^-9,其中4月最高（22.21×10^-9）,7月最低（12.39×10^-9）,日均体积分数变化特征不明显.烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃和乙炔占比分别为56.51%、11.06%、24.62%和7.81%,丙烷（15.26%）、乙烷（14.14%）、乙炔（7.81%）、甲苯（6.97%）、正丁烷（6.23%）、乙烯（5.23%）、异丁烷（4.34%）、丙烯（4.13%）、异戊烷（4.12%）和间/对-二甲苯（4.06%）是含量最丰富的VOCs物种.T/B（甲苯/苯）均值为2.02,表明南京市城区大气VOCs主要受机动车尤其是汽油车排放的影响.E/E（乙烷/乙炔）均值为2.24,表明观测站点区域大气老化程度较严重.利用·OH消耗速率（L^·OH）和臭氧生成潜势（OFP）评估了大气VOCs的反应活性.南京市城区大气VOCs冬春季大气反应活性较夏秋季强.芳香烃和烯烃的活性最高,对L^·OH和OFP的贡献依次为46.96%和41.58%、33.73%和39.86%,丙烯、乙烯和二甲苯等苯系物是活性最高的VOCs物种.     

Clay mineralogy affects the efficiency of sewage sludge in reducing lead retention of soils

Recent studies have shown the feasibility of using of sewage sludge for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. However, there are no researches to check the influence of clay mineralogy on the efficiency of the sewage sludge to remediation of contaminated soils with heavy metals. For this purpose, we use two contrasting soils:Oxisol rich in hematite and gibbsite and Inceptisol rich in kaolinite. Thermal-treated sludge was applied to Pb-contaminated soil samples and incubated for 40 days. The soil samples were submitted to seven sequential extractions: soluble-Pb, exchangeable-Pb,precipitated-Pb, organic matter-Pb, Fe and Mn oxide-Pb, gibbsite and kaolinite-Pb, and residual-Pb. The reduction of soluble Pb forms by thermal sludge application was more pronounced in the Oxisol than in the Inceptisol because of the conversion of soluble-Pb into more stable forms, such as precipitated-Pb and oxides-Pb. For Inceptisol was necessary to apply high rates of thermal sludge to reach a significant reduction in soluble-Pb contents. The addition of humic fractions in the form of thermal sludge increased the concentration of organic matter-Pb. In confined area, the use of sewage sludge to reduce the heavy metals levels in soils must be better considered, mainly in more weathered soils.     

太湖西部入湖河口区表层沉积物磷素分布特征

采用SMT法对太湖西部主要入湖河流河口区大港河、乌溪港、庙渎港、大浦港、陈东港、社渎港、沙塘港以及太滆运河表层沉积物磷形态进行分析。结果表明:各河流河口区总磷分布由南向北含量逐渐升高,为300.84~824.89 mg/kg。其中,最高值出现在陈东港,比平均值高约35%;无机磷为表层沉积物磷的主要存在形态,其中西北部河口区铁铝磷含量较高,占TP含量为61%~80%;西部河口区钙磷含量较高,可能与其入湖河流沿岸土地利用类型有关;有机磷在西北部河口区所占比小于20%,可能由于西北部蓝藻爆发,有机磷被大量利用导致。     

太湖不同营养水平湖区表层沉积物的砷分布特征及其生态风险

以太湖不同营养水平湖区为研究对象,采用改进的砷(As)形态连续提取法对表层沉积物中As的化学形态进行分析研究,探讨了沉积物中总砷(TAs)和As形态的分布特征及其与沉积物中营养盐和总有机碳(TOC)的相关性,并利用潜在生态风险评价(Eir)和风险指数编码法(RAC)评估了各湖区沉积物中As的生态风险水平.结果表明,各湖区表层沉积物中TAs的平均含量约为14.23~16.59 mg·kg~(-1),其中,竺山湾的TAs平均含量相对最高.As形态表现出明显的空间分布特征,其中,北部富营养湖区(竺山湾、梅梁湾、贡湖湾)中的有效态As(非专性吸附态和专性吸附态)与潜在有效态As(无定形氧化铁结合态、晶体形氧化铁结合态、有机结合态)的含量与百分比均高于中营养水平的南太湖,而北部湖区的残渣态As含量则低于南太湖.Pearson相关分析结果显示,除晶体形氧化铁结合态As和残渣态As外,沉积物总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和TOC与其他As形态均存在显著的正相关关系.潜在生态风险评价结果表明,各湖区沉积物TAs均处于低风险;而RAC评价结果表明,各湖区沉积物的有效态As基本处于中等风险水平,且北部湖区的RAC指数均明显高于南太湖.     

土壤镍各形态的生物可利用性研究

采用＾６３Ｎｉ示踪法和连续提取技术，并综合运用剔除法，人工模拟法，幼苗试验法和盆栽试验法及统计分析法研究了各形态土壤镍的植物可利用性。结果表明，土壤中水溶交换态Ｎｉ是植物可利用性Ｎｉ的主要形态，碳酸盐盐和有机态Ｎｉ有一定贡献，铁锰氧化物结合态和残留态Ｎｉ对植物几乎无效。     

五里湖和贡湖不同粒径沉积物吸附磷实验研究

通过研究五里湖和贡湖不同粒径沉积物对磷的吸附动力学曲线和吸附等温曲线,分析了不同粒径沉积物氮、磷和有机质含量以及化学组成等理化特征对其吸附磷的影响,初步得出如下结论五里湖和贡湖不同粒径沉积物对磷的吸附动力学曲线和吸附等温曲线具有相似的变化趋势;贡湖沉积物每一粒级的吸附量、吸附速率和吸附效率均高于五里湖沉积物;各粒级的变化趋势均为粘粒级＞细砂粒级＞粗砂粒级＞粉砂粒级;各粒级中粉砂粒级SiO2含量最高,可能是造成其对磷的吸附量、吸附速率和吸附效率在各粒级中最低的原因.     

氯化消毒饮用水中强致突变物MX[3-氯-4-(二氯甲基)-5-羟基-2(5H)-呋喃酮]的形成

利用一系列XAD吸附树脂及大孔阴、阳离子交换树脂,将太湖水中溶解态有机物分离为溶解态富里酸类、腐殖酸类、憎水弱酸类、憎水碱类、憎水中性物类、亲水酸类、亲水碱类七种组分,分别对不同组分的有机物进行氯化处理后,用GC/MS选择离子峰面积法测定了产物中的MX[3-氯-4-（二氯甲基）-5-羟基-2（5H）-呋喃酮]。结果表明,太湖水体中的溶解态腐殖酸类可能是生成MX的重要前驱物。     

土壤中石油烃残留物示踪动力学分析

从分析降解试验结果出发,利用示踪动力学原理和隔室模型,导出了确定土壤烃类结合态数量x_(2(t))的数学式,x_(2(t))=(k_2x_1(0))/(α-β)(e~(-βi)-e~(-αi).烷烃、芳烃和BaP结合态的最大值分别为182ppm,7.8ppm和1.5ppb.烷烃结合态达最大值时所需时间是20d,芳烃和Bap均为30d,其降解速率(d~(-1))分别为0.01913、0.01516和0.004575.烷烃结合态占其总残留量的10 ％,芳烃和Bap则占各自残留量的5％.常规法计算的残留率比示踪动力学法偏低5—10％.     

Immobilization of lead in anthropogenic contaminated soils using phosphates with/without oxalic acid

Understanding the effects of oxalic acid (OA) on the immobilization of Pb(II) in contaminated soils by phosphate materials, has considerable benefits for risk assessment and remediation strategies for the soil. A series of phosphate amendments with/without oxalic acid were applied to two anthropogenic contaminated soils. We investigated the immobilization of Pb(II) by KH₂PO₄, phosphate rock (PR), activated phosphate rock (APR) and synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAP) at different phosphate:Pb (P:Pb) molar ratios (0, 0.6, 2.0 and 4.0) in the presence/absence of 50 mmol oxalic acid/kg soil, respectively. The effects of treatments were evaluated using single extraction with deionized water or CaCl₂, Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) methods. Our results showed that the concentration of water extractable, exchangeable and TCLP-Pb all decreased with incubation time. The concentration of water-extractable Pb after 120 days was reduced by 100% when soils were amended with APR, HAP and HAP + OA, and the TCLP-Pb was <5 mg/L for the red soil at P:Pb molar ratio 4.0. Water-soluble Pb could not be detected and the TCLP-Pb was <5 mg/L at all treatments applied to the yellow-brown soil. BCR results indicated that APR was most effective, although a slight enhancement of water-soluble phosphate was detected at the P:Pb molar ratio 4.0 at the beginning of incubation. Oxalic acid activated phosphates, and so mixing insoluble phosphates with oxalic acid may be a useful strategy to improve their effectiveness in reducing Pb bioavailability.