森林植被对积雪分配及其消融影响研究综述

积雪和融雪作为对北方流域水文与生态具有贡献意义的两个地表过程,与森林植被有着十分紧密的联系。森林植被通过地表遮荫、林冠截留、改变风场格局等方式来改变林区地表积雪分配格局,同时可通过改变林区太阳辐射收支平衡、地表粗糙程度等影响地表融雪速率及其时空分异。在分析积、融雪变量与森林植被相互关系以及总结国内外研究现状的基础上,从林冠几何、林木空间分布、植被类型、森林经营活动等方面归纳了影响积雪分配及其消融速率的主要因素,概括了当前研究面临的主要问题,并提出未来研究的方向和重点。以期为今后林雪关系、雪水文过程研究提供有力参考。     

Quantifying the characteristics of particulate matters captured by urban plants using an automatic approach

It is widely accepted that urban plant leaves can capture airborne particles. Previous studies on the particle capture capacity of plant leaves have mostly focused on particle mass and/or size distribution. Fewer studies, however, have examined the particle density, and the size and shape characteristics of particles, which may have important implications for evaluating the particle capture efficiency of plants, and identifying the particle sources. In addition, the role of different vegetation types is as yet unclear. Here, we chose three species of different vegetation types, and firstly applied an object-based classification approach to automatically identify the particles from scanning electron microscope(SEM)micrographs. We then quantified the particle capture efficiency, and the major sources of particles were identified. We found(1) Rosa xanthina Lindl(shrub species) had greater retention efficiency than Broussonetia papyrifera(broadleaf species) and Pinus bungeana Zucc.(coniferous species), in terms of particle number and particle area cover.(2) 97.9% of the identified particles had diameter ≤10 μm, and 67.1% of them had diameter ≤2.5 μm. 89.8% of the particles had smooth boundaries, with 23.4% of them being nearly spherical.(3) 32.4%–74.1% of the particles were generated from bare soil and construction activities, and 15.5%–23.0% were mainly from vehicle exhaust and cooking fumes.     

海南五指山和福建武夷山降水离子组成及来源

分析海南五指山及福建武夷山大气背景点2008年1月—2009年12月的降水pH及离子组成,并探讨离子来源. 结果表明:海南五指山监测点降水年均pH约为564,呈中性;武夷山监测点降水的年均pH约为530,呈弱酸性. 2个监测点降水中的SO₄2-、NO₃-和NH₄+的浓度和占总离子浓度的59%左右,表现出与城市相似的组成特征,表明这2个监测点的降水已经受到人类活动的影响. 降水酸度除受SO₄2-和NO₃-的影响外,还受到NH₄+、Ca2+和Mg2+等碱性物质的中和作用. 相对酸度和中和因子的计算表明,五指山和武夷山监测点降水酸度分别有85%和76%被碱性物质NH₄+和Ca2+中和. 富集因子计算及来源定量分析表明,这2个监测点已受到人为源的影响,人为源的贡献大于海洋源及地壳源. 武夷山监测点88%的Ca2+和56%的K+均来自人为源,主要是受人为污染物长距离传输及生物质燃烧的影响.      

盘锦温地保护、恢复与永续利用研究

随着盘锦地区经济的发展和人口的增加,盘锦湿地出现不同程度的退化,主要表现在湿地淡水的短缺,植被的退化;湿地面积减少和湿地受到污染;人类对湿地认识不足,出现人与鸟争食等现象。为了更好地保护湿地,以保持湿地生态系统的完整性、连续性、生物多样性、生态功能性、永续利用性和景区特色性为理念,对盘锦湿地进行保护与规划。     

Impacts of Urbanization on Stream Habitat and Fish Across Multiple Spatial Scales

We analyzed the relation of the amount and spatial pattern of land cover with stream fish communities, in-stream habitat, and baseflow in 47 small southeastern Wisconsin, USA, watersheds encompassing a gradient of predominantly agricultural to predominantly urban land uses. The amount of connected impervious surface in the watershed was the best measure of urbanization for predicting fish density, species richness, diversity, and index of biotic integrity (IBI) score; bank erosion; and base flow. However, connected imperviousness was not significantly correlated with overall habitat quality for fish. Nonlinear models were developed using quantile regression to predict the maximum possible number of fish species, IBI score, and base flow for a given level of imperviousness. At watershed connected imperviousness levels less than about 8%, all three variables could have high values, whereas at connected imperviousness levels greater than 12% their values were inevitably low. Connected imperviousness levels between 8 and 12% represented a threshold region where minor changes in urbanization could result in major changes in stream condition. In a spatial analysis, connected imperviousness within a 50-m buffer along the stream or within a 1.6-km radius upstream of the sampling site had more influence on stream fish and base flow than did comparable amounts of imperviousness further away. Our results suggest that urban development that minimizes amount of connected impervious surface and establishes undeveloped buffer areas along streams should have less impact than conventional types of development.     

利用Landsat7反演的亮温与土地覆盖类型相关性分析

随着城市人口的急剧增加,城市建筑规模迅速膨胀,大量热源集中排放,产生了城市内部温度明显高于郊区的特殊城市气候现象,即“热岛效应”.以安徽省芜湖市为研究区域,采用GIS叠加分析方法、缓冲区分析方法进行地表辐射亮温与土地覆盖类型的相关性研究.研究结果表明,辐射亮温与地表类型有明显的相关关系,建筑与辐射亮温的相关系数为0.87,植被、水体与辐射亮温的相关系数分别为0.59、0.78.人工建筑因素是产生热岛效应的主要原因之一,加大植被、水体在城市土地用地中的比重,是控制城市热岛效应行之有效的方法,而且利用辐射亮温图可很好地指示城市土地覆盖类型在时间上和空间上的变化.     

森林植被影响径流形成机制研究进展

径流形成机制研究在水文学领域中具有十分重要的意义,且受到越来越广泛的重视。水文环境以及水文通量的空间异质性和时间变化性导致了水文过程的尺度依赖性和非线性特征,没有对水文过程较为清晰的认识,就不能将某一地区某一流域森林植被变化水文生态效应的研究结果简单地外推到其他地区和其他流域。开发基于物理过程分布式参数水文模型可以为认识森林植被变化的生态学后效和客观评价森林植被水文生态效益提供可行的工具。但是要实现这一目标,研究森林植被影响径流形成机制是问题的核心所在。另一方面,认识森林影响径流形成机制有助于研究水文学中的尺度问题。研究森林植被影响径流形成机制的主要方法包括水文测验、同位素示踪和动力水文学计算等,研究的空间尺度则为坡面与流域相接合。从已有的研究成果来看,森林植被影响径流形成机制可以概括为:①森林流域径流形成为变动源区产流机制;②森林流域径流形成主要受饱和地表径流、亚表层径流和地下径流的控制;③森林流域径流形成机制是相互作用和相互转化的;④优先流在森林流域径流形成中起到了至关重要的作用。     

基于Landsat影像的赤峰市生态环境状况评估

根据国家生态环境状况评价技术规范,基于1990,2000,2010和2015年四期的遥感和地理信息数据对赤峰市生态环境状况进行评估.结果表明：赤峰市的生态环境变化状况可以分为3个阶段,即退化期（1990~2000年）,恢复期（2000~2010年）和平稳期（2010~2015年）.4a生态环境状况指数（EI）分别为70.58、61.21、67.63和68.35,生态环境状况整体为良.赤峰市1990~2015年生态环境状况变化度（△EI）为-2.23,略微变差.从退化时期到恢复时期,△EI由负变正,表明赤峰市生态环境状况在2000~2010年期间有所改善;从恢复时期到平稳时期,｜△EI｜变小,表明2010~2015年间生态环境状况变好趋势减缓.城市化进程和水资源短缺是赤峰市生态环境状况转好趋势减缓的主要原因,因此需要进一步开展生态保护工程,并合理利用地下水资源.     

岷江上游大沟流域驱动植被退化的人为干扰体研究

研究了岷江上游大沟流域内的人为干扰体,分析了干扰的类型、强度、频率及其时空变化特征,揭示了不同干扰类型及其特性对植被退化的作用、干扰体与人口增长、植被退化等的关系．结果表明：大沟流域人为干扰类型多达８种,但优势的干扰类型是砍伐薪材和牲畜放牧．从近３０ａ的干扰强度变化看,以８０年代初的干扰强度最大,并在近２０ａ内保持很高的干扰强度水平;干扰强度的年内变化表现为春末、夏、秋大而冬、早春小．近４０ａ来的干扰频率愈趋增高,年内表现为春秋季干扰频率最高,夏季中等,而冬季最小．人为干扰的空间差异十分明显,反映出人为干扰的现状及其对植被的破坏强度差异,即由村寨向沟尾和高海拔区、由近及远、由低到高,形成“钟形”干扰格局．认为大沟流域植被的严重退化是所有人为干扰长期共同驱动的结果,与该区人口及其需求迅速增长密切相关．结果还表明,不同性质的干扰对植被的影响作用具协同性,同一干扰体长期连续对植被的影响具累加和放大的作用