苯系物在红壤不同粒径组分上的吸附-解吸行为

根据粒径将红壤组分分为4种(0.002 mm、0.002~0.05mm、0.05~0.25 mm、0.25~2 mm),研究了苯系物(邻二甲苯、对二甲苯和乙苯混合物,BTEX)在不同粒径组分上的吸附-解吸行为。结果表明,两区非平衡模型可以很好地拟合红壤不同粒径组分对BTEX的吸附动力学,吸附量随红壤粒径减小而增大。红壤不同粒径组分对BTEX的吸附-解吸过程接近于线性(R20.98),Kd随粒径减小而增大,表明红壤粒径的差异极大地影响了BTEX的吸附行为。同时,BTEX在红壤不同粒径组分上的解吸存在不同程度的滞后现象,滞后系数HI随粒径减小而增大。BTEX的解吸滞后现象比多环芳烃和石油烃明显,可能是由于BTEX的分子较小,易进入颗粒孔隙内部成为不可逆吸附部分而不容易解吸。通过XRD及FTIR分析了红壤不同粒径组分吸附BTEX前后的特征。XRD的分析结果表明,BTEX主要吸附于高岭石和伊利石表面;FTIR的结果表明,BTEX主要与羧酸酯、酚式羟基等官能团相结合而吸附于土壤颗粒上。     

不同阴离子钠盐对土壤Cd形态与微生物群落的影响

为了探明污染土壤在盐碱胁迫条件下镉（Cd）有效性与微生物群落的响应,采集污灌区Cd污染农田土壤,模拟北方土壤典型盐碱胁迫情景,设置不同阴离子钠盐配置处理,利用微生境培养实验,采用高通量测序技术,结合对土壤性质、土壤Cd形态等的测定.结果表明：施用钠盐可显著提高钠吸附比（SAR）、碱化度（ESP）,降低有机碳（SOC）含量、阳离子交换量（CEC）;促进土壤中小粒径团聚体（<0.002mm）的形成,增加了Cd在小颗粒团聚体的质量负载;与对照相比,两种土壤中T1处理（主要阴离子为SO₄^2-、Cl^-）均显著（P<0.05）增加交换态Cd含量（27.06%和11.00%）.钠盐的添加降低了土壤中细菌的丰度和多样性,其中T1处理的微生物群落均匀度最低;盐碱胁迫处理改变了土壤细菌的关键类群,如增加了耐盐碱腈基降解菌科、葡萄球菌科、假单胞菌科和耐重金属芽孢杆菌科的菌群丰度,不同处理菌群结构差异与土壤阴离子组成有关,如相比而言,T1处理可增加变形菌门、芽单胞菌门、拟杆菌门的丰度.冗余分析结果表明土壤pH值、交换态Cd含量、SAR和ESP是影响细菌群落组成变化的关键环境因子,拟杆菌门、芽单胞菌门和变形菌门的丰度与pH值呈正相关,而酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门的丰度与交换态Cd含量、SAR呈现显著正相关.可见,盐碱胁迫增加了土壤Cd的有效性,显著改变了土壤微生物群落结构.     

巢湖沉积物磷铁硫形态记录及其环境变化指示

分析了巢湖表层和柱状沉积物中磷（P）、铁（Fe）和硫（S）元素的形态组成、分布、相互关系及其指示的湖泊环境变化.西半湖S3采样点位柱状沉积物总磷（TP）记录表明,巢湖西半湖区自20世纪60年代开始受人类活动影响逐步明显,其中钙磷（Ca-P）指示的流域径流输入增加早于铁铝磷（Fe/Al-P）指示的居民生活污水输入;西半湖区沉积物15~0cm有机质埋藏持续增加伴随着pH值的逐步升高,指示了水体富营养化导致藻类生产力（光合作用）提高并显著影响pH值;而东半湖S7采样点位柱状沉积物磷形态则记录了东半湖区不同的环境变化特征.巢湖沉积物活性铁组分以Fe （Ⅱ）为主,S3和S7沉积剖面Fe （Ⅲ）/Fe （Ⅱ）值整体均呈上升趋势且与Fe （Ⅲ）同步变化,表明其比值由Fe （Ⅲ）变化驱动;Fe （Ⅲ）/Fe （Ⅱ）指示沉积物上层为弱氧化性,其余层位为还原性环境.沉积物还原性无机硫（RIS）以酸可挥发性硫（AVS）为主,沉积物高有机质含量、低元素硫和还原条件降低了AVS向黄铁矿硫（CRS）的转化.巢湖沉积物中与P,S结合的Fe占比很小,高Fe/P和Fe/S比值会抑制沉积物磷的释放,导致柱状剖面P,Fe和S之间的相互作用关系整体上并不显著.     

Distribution of various aluminum fractions in surface water of the Le An River

Distribution　of　various　aluminum　fractions　in　surface　water　of　the　Le　An　River ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｅｒｆｏｒＥｃｏ－ＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００８５，ＣｈｉｎａＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔ—Ｔｏｔａｌｃｏｎ...     

Cation exchange capacities of soil organic matter fractions in a Ferric Lixisol with different organic matter inputs

Soil organic matter (SOM) has an important effect on the physicochemical status of highly weathered soils in the tropics. This work was conducted to determine the contribution of different SOM fractions to the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of a tropical soil and to study the effect of organic matter inputs of different biochemical composition on the CEC of SOM. Soil samples were collected from a 20-year-old arboretum established on a Ferric Lixisol, under seven multipurpose tree species: Afzelia africana, Dactyladenia barteri, Gliricidia sepium, Gmelina arborea, Leucaena leucocephala, Pterocarpus santalinoides, and Treculia africana. Fractions were obtained by wet sieving and sedimentation after ultrasonic dispersion. Relationships between CEC and pH were determined using the silver thiourea-method and were described by linear regression. The CEC of the fractions smaller than 0.053 mm was inversely related to their particle size: clay (<0.002 mm)>fine silt (0.002–0.02 mm)>coarse silt (0.02–0.053 mm), except for the soils under T. africana, D. barteri, and L. leucocephala, where the CEC of the fine silt fraction was highest or comparable to the CEC of the clay fraction. The clay and fine silt fractions were responsible for 76–90% of the soil CEC at pH 5.8. The contribution of the fine silt fraction to the CEC at pH 5.8 ranged from 35 to 50%, which stressed the importance of the fine silt fraction for the physicochemical properties of the soil. Differences in CEC between treatments for the whole soil and the fractions could be explained by the differences in carbon content. Except for the intercept for the clay fraction, SOM had a significant (P<0.001) contribution to both the intercepts (=estimated CEC at pH 0) and slopes (=pH-dependent charge) of the CEC–pH relationships for the whole soil and the fractions. The CEC of SOM at pH 5.8 varied between 283 cmol_c kg⁻¹ C for particulate organic matter, and 563 cmol_c kg⁻¹ C for the fine silt fraction. The biochemical composition of the organic inputs did not have an important effect on the CEC of SOM. In total, SOM was responsible for 75–85% of the CEC of these soils.     

施用石灰对Pb、Cd、Zn在土壤中的形态及大白菜中累积的影响

重金属的不同形态对于作物吸收重金属及受害具有十分密切的关系,通过施用石灰改变重金属的形态、毒性以及对作物的影响具有重要的意义。以大白菜(Brassica pekinensis)为研究对象,通过盆栽试验,探讨了在铅、镉和锌污染土壤上,施用石灰对土壤中不同形态镉、铅和锌含量及在大白菜中累积的影响。结果表明,施用石灰后,土壤中碳酸盐结合态Pb、Cd和Zn含量明显减少,铁、锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态Pb、Cd和Zn含量明显增加;对大白菜吸收Pb、Cd和Zn均起到较好的抑制作用,石灰用量为5g·kg-1土时,对大白菜吸收Pb、Cd和Zn的抑制效果最好。     

土壤锌铁铜锰形态分布及其有效性

各土壤微量元素的形态分布特性有相似的规律，每个微量元素的各种形态都可以根据其对植物的有效性划分为两组．第一组形态分布百分率与植物有效性指数呈显著或极显著相关．第二组则呈显著或极显著负相关．因而第一组的形态为主要的有效养分源，第二组的形态很难为植物提供有效养分．减少相应元素转化成为第二组的形态和增加第一组各形态的储备容量是调节和控制土壤营养的重要措施．     

Influence of metal-contamination on distribution in subcellular fractions of the earthworm (Metaphire californica) from Hunan Province, China

Earthworms have the ability to accumulate of heavy metals,however,there was few studies that addressed the metals in earthworm at subcellular levels in fields.The distributions of metals(Cd,Cu,Zn,and Pb) in subcellular fractions(cytosol,debris,and granules) of earthworm Metaphire californica were investigated.The relationship between soil metals and earthworms were analyzed to explain its high plasticity to inhabit in situ contaminated soil of Hunan Province,south China.The concentration of Cd in subcellular compartments showed the same pattern as Cu in the order of cytosol debris granules.The distribution of Zn and Pb in earthworms indicated a similar propensity for different subcellular fractions that ranked as granules debris cytosol for Zn,and granules cytosol debris for Pb.The internal metal concentrations in earthworms increased with the soil metals(p 0.05).Significant positive correlations were found between soil Cd and Cd concentrations in cytosol and debris(p 0.01).Moreover,the soil Pb concentration significantly influenced the Pb concentrations in cytosol and debris(p 0.01),similar to that of Cd.The soil Cu concentrations was only associated with the Cu in granules(p 0.05).Soil Zn concentrations correlated with the Zn concentrations in each subcellular fraction(p 0.05).Our results provide insights into the variations of metals partitioning in earthworms at subcellular levels and the relationships of soil metals,which could be one of the detoxification strategies to adapt the long-term contaminated environment.     

磷灰石-零价铁对底泥铜、铅释放的抑制效果及机理研究

以磷灰石-零价铁作为添加物,强化混凝应急处置Cu、Pb污染河道水体,并模拟构建产生沉积物,通过静态释放实验方式,研究了其对沉积物中Cu、Pb释放的影响和机理.结果表明:磷灰石复合零价铁介入应急混凝处置显著减少了沉积物中Cu、Pb的释放;45 d释放实验后,与对照组相比,添加磷灰石复合零价铁的沉积物中,Cu和Pb从生物有效性高的酸可提取态向生物有效性相对较低的可还原态、可氧化态、残渣态转化.投加磷灰石复合零价铁有利于应急混凝处置重金属产生沉积物的稳定,且零价铁掺杂比例越高,效果越好.     

六氯苯在土壤不同粒径级份上的吸附行为研究

研究比较了HCB在湖北水稻土和山东褐土不同粒径级份上的吸附特性,探讨不同粒径级份中有机质线性分配过程、慢吸附过程和小孔扩散过程的相对贡献.结果表明,Freundlich方程、DMM吸附模型和Polanyi-Manes方程都对实验数据进行了较好的拟合(R2＞0.91),其中DMM吸附模型能更好地反映土壤有机质溶解相线性分...