秭归县植被结构演变及土壤侵蚀评价

为详细了解水库建设期秭归县植被结构演变及土壤侵蚀风险情况,使用TM和SPOT等中高分辨率遥感数据获取的秭归县1992、2007年1〖DK〗∶50 000土地利用分类、植被覆盖度、土壤侵蚀风险及1999～2007年SPOT VEGETATION NDVI等。利用景观格局方法研究植被景观格局演变,分析植被结构与土壤侵蚀风险变化特点。结果表明：1992～2007年,植被景观格局更加破碎,斑块离散程度变大,多样性提高,乔、灌等仍是优势类型,受不同人类政策的影响,不同类型植被类型景观特征响应表现出差异性。植被覆盖度得到改善,其中秭归中南部植被水平密度结构得到明显改善,对降低土壤侵蚀风险起到了积极作用。水库周边地区作为人类活动扰动的集中区,水土保持任务依然艰巨。通过遥感和GIS手段分析区域土地景观格局演变及其生态环境效应,分析变化背后的驱动机制和限制因素,甄别人类活动影响力,为研究三峡人地关系和谐发展提供借鉴和参考     

Effect of microbial activity, soil water content and added copper on the temporal distribution patterns of HCB and DDT among different soil organic matter fractions

Temporal changes in the distribution of exogenous HCB and DDT among different soil organic matter fractions were studied under sterile and non-sterile conditions, different soil water contents, and different concentrations of added Cu(2+). The residence time was 311days. Soil organic matter was fractionated into fulvic acid (FA), humic acid (HA), bound-humic acid (BHA), lipid, and insoluble residue (IR) fractions by a methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) method. Results revealed that there is a mass transfer tendency of DDT and HCB from FA, HA and BHA to IR and lipid fractions with increasing residence time. Microbial activity accelerated the mass transfer, while the addition of Cu(2+) slowed it down. The HCB and DDT transfer rate decreased as the soil moisture increased from 1.9% to 60%, but increased when soil moisture increased further to 90%. A two-compartment first order kinetic model was used to describe the mass transfer from FA, HA and BHA.     

巢湖表层沉积物磷的空间分布差异性研究

通过对巢湖表层沉积物磷形态、有机质及粒径分布特征分析,与沉积物总磷历史数据进行对比,结合不同形态磷的剖面变化,探讨了内源磷释放风险.结果表明,巢湖表层沉积物TP自西向东呈递减趋势,平均含量为790 mg.kg-1,比20世纪80年代平均增加了55%,其中东半湖增加211 mg.kg-1、西半湖增加386 mg.kg-1.表层沉积物磷形态含量和分布有较大差别:铁铝结合磷(NaOH-Pi)和活性有机磷(NaOH-Po)含量占TP含量的42%,分别介于55～648 mg.kg-1和27～468 mg.kg-1范围,西半湖平均含量分别为331 mg.kg-1和225 mg.kg-1显著高于东半湖(147 mg.kg-1和91 mg.kg-1,P<0.01);相对而言,钙镁结合磷(Ca-P)和惰性磷(Res-P)含量在东西部湖区没有显著差别,分别占TP含量的18%和40%.沉积物TP含量随深度减少而增加,西半湖增加量高于东半湖,各种磷形态中NaOH-Pi和NaOH-Po的垂直变化规律与TP相似,是沉积物磷增加的主要形态.西半湖高活性磷、高有机质和多砂质粉砂的特征共同作用极大增加了沉积物中磷向上覆水中释放的风险.     

Total Contents and Sequential Extraction of Heavy Metals in Soils Irrigated with Wastewater,Akaki, Ethiopia

The Akaki River, laden with untreated wastes from domestic, industrial, and commercial sources, serves as a source of water for irrigating vegetable farms. The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of waste-water irrigation on the level of heavy metals and to predict their potential mobility and bioavailability. Zn and V had the highest, whereas Hg the lowest, concentrations observed in the soils. The average contents of As, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, V, and Hg of both soils; and Pb and Se from Fluvisol surpassed the mean + 2 SD of the corresponding levels reported for their uncontaminated counterparts. Apparently, irrigation with waste water for the last few decades has contributed to the observed higher concentrations of the above elements in the study soils (Vertisol and Fluvisol) when compared to uncontaminated Vertisol and Fluvisol. On the other hand, Vertisol accommodated comparatively higher average levels of Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, etc V, and Cd, whereas high contents of Pb and Se were observed in Fluvisol. Alternatively, comparable levels of Co and Hg were found in either soil. Except for Ni, Cr, and Cd in contaminated Vertisol, heavy metals in the soils were not significantly affected by the depth (0–20 and 30–50 cm). When the same element from the two soils was compared, the levels of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn, V, Cd at 0–20 cm; and Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Zn at 30–50 cm were significantly different. Organic carbon (in both soils), CEC (Fluvisol), and clay (Vertisol) exhibited significant positive correspondences with the total heavy metal levels. Conversely, Se and Hg contents revealed perceptible associations with carbonate and pH. The exchangeable fraction was dominated by Hg and Cd, whereas the carbonate fraction was abounded with Cd, Pb, and Co. conversely, V and Pb displayed strong affinity to reducible fraction, where as Cr, Cu, Zn, and Ni dominated the oxidizable fraction. Cr, Hg, Se, and Zn (in both soils) showed preference to the residual fraction. Generally, a considerable proportion of the total levels of many of the heavy metals resided in non residual fractions. The enhanced lability is generally expected to follow the order: Cd > Co > Pb > Cu > Ni > Se > V and Pb > Cd > Co > Cu > Ni > Zn in Vertisol and Fluvisol, respectively. For the similar wastewater application, the soil variables influence the status and the distribution of the associated heavy metals among the different soil fractions in the study soils. Among heavy metals that presented relatively elevated levels and with potential mobility, Co, Cu, Ni (either soil), V (Vertisol), Pb, and Zn (Fluvisol) could pose health threat through their introduction into the food chain in the wastewater irrigated soils.     

CaO2不同投加方式对底泥磷释放的抑制效果分析

利用CaO₂进行底泥修复,在实验室模拟条件下,研究了2种不同的CaO₂投加方式(混匀和覆盖)上覆水活性磷酸盐(SRP)的变化趋势,并通过底泥磷形态之间的转变来分析其不同效果的原因.结果表明,混匀条件和覆盖条件下上覆水的SRP浓度呈现2种不同的变化趋势,前者先降低后增加而后者则持续降低,平均释放速率分别为6.077 mg/(m²·d)和-0.879mg/(m²·d).底泥磷的分级提取实验结果表明,铁磷的不同变化趋势是CaO₂投加方式引起底泥磷释放不同效果的内在原因.     

太湖不同营养水平湖区沉积物理化性质和磷的垂向变化

利用SMT标准测试程序对太湖3个不同营养水平湖区表层10 cm柱状沉积物进行磷赋存形态的垂向分析,并在此基础上讨论了沉积物有机质总量(w(OM)),细颗粒组成与磷赋存形态间的相关关系.结果表明,研究区各采样点沉积物的w(TP)平均值为437～1 650 mg/kg,最高为1 809 mg/kg; w(OM)平均值为17.93～38.76 mg/g;沉积物颗粒组成以粉砂和粘粒为主,占总量的49.64%～83.57%.不同湖区沉积物磷形态的垂向分布规律不同,总体上TP,无机磷(IP),铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)表现出在表层富集的现象, 钙结合态磷(Ca-P)和有机磷(OP)随深度的变化不大; w(OM)自表层向下逐渐降低. 无机磷占沉积物中总磷的比例较大,且其含量与Fe/Al-P的含量密切相关.Fe/Al-P占TP的比例随沉积物污染程度的增加而升高,是与人类活动密切相关的;有机质总量与OP显著相关;粘粒比例随污染程度的增加逐渐增大.      

不同下垫面雨水径流溶解性有机物特性

为明晰不同下垫面雨水径流中溶解性有机物特性差异,采用三维荧光光谱、同步荧光光谱及树脂分级等方法对北京市城市道路、屋面、广场、绿地4种下垫面径流DOM进行分析.分析发现,下垫面类型影响径流DOM浓度、物质组成及化学组分分布;道路、屋面初期径流DOC浓度较高,并随产流时间增加而逐渐降低,而绿地径流DOC浓度随产流时间增加而增加,广场径流DOC浓度则始终保持较低水平;路面交通活动、大气沉降作用等使道路、屋面和广场等硬化下垫面径流DOM主要由类富里酸和类芳香蛋白物质组成,且以疏水性化学组分为主,其中疏水中性和疏水酸性组分占比较高;受土壤冲刷有机质影响,绿地径流DOM除含类富里酸和类芳香蛋白物质外,还含有大量腐殖质和生物源蛋白物质,以亲水性化学组分为主,且主要为亲水中性和亲水酸性组分.     

巢湖藻华暴发对沉积物典型重金属空间分布格局的影响

为探究湖泊富营养化过程对沉积物中重金属空间分异及生态风险的影响,本研究以大型浅水湖泊—巢湖为研究对象,剖析了藻类暴发前、后巢湖表层沉积物中典型重/类金属（Cr、Ni、Cu、As、Cd、Pb）含量及其赋存形态的空间分布特征,并采用次生相与原生相比值、潜在生态风险指数法评估了沉积物重/类金属的污染程度与生态风险的变化规律.结果表明：(1)藻类暴发前6种重/类金属含量空间分布特征均表现为西部湖区显著高于中部和东部湖区（p<0.05,p<0.01）,而暴发后沉积物中重金属含量均有所增加,且空间上呈现均一化趋势;(2)藻类暴发前Cr、Ni、Cu、As和Pb均以残渣态为主,Cd以弱酸提取态为主;藻类暴发后6种重/类金属的残渣态相对质量分数均有所降低,可氧化态相对质量分数均有所增加;(3)藻类暴发后沉积物重金属综合污染程度由暴发前的中等污染程度提升为较高污染程度,且单一重金属污染程度表现出空间分布均一化的趋势;(4)潜在生态风险指数结果表明藻类暴发增加了沉积物重金属污染（As除外）的生态风险.本研究阐明了藻类暴发对巢湖沉积物重金属空间分异及其生态风险的影响,可为大型浅水湖泊生态健康评估与...     

城市污水二级出水中溶解性有机物特性分析

分别采用凝胶色谱、亲疏水性组分分离、荧光色谱等方法,研究了城市污水处理厂二级出水中溶解性有机物的分子量分布、亲疏水组分含量以及荧光光谱特性。结果表明,二级出水中疏水性组分较亲水性组分多,疏水性组分约占总有机物的64.3%,而亲水性组分占35.7%左右;二级出水及其不同亲/疏水组分中溶解性有机物分子量分布基本集中在4.5 kDa以下,其中弱疏水性组分和亲水性组分中主要为分子量小于1.5 kDa的有机物;二级出水溶解性有机物中含有腐殖酸类、富里酸类以及蛋白质类物质,其中含量以腐殖酸类为主。     

Ciprofloxacin-sensitive and ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter jejuni are equally susceptible to natural orange oil-based antimicrobials

A total of 10 ciprofloxacin-sensitive (ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC < 0.5 μ g/ml) and 10 ciprofloxacin-resistant (MIC 16 to 32 μ g/ml) presumptive C. jejuni were further characterized and evaluated for their inhibition by natural orange oil fractions. Partial species identification was performed by using a hippuricase gene-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. One of the isolates appeared to be atypical and failed to hydrolyze hippurate. Of the ciprofloxacin-resistant C. jejuni isolates tested, six were found to have their quinolone resistance determined by a C → T mutation in codon 86 of gyrA. Both groups of ciprofloxacin-sensitive and –resistant C. jejuni isolates were most susceptible to cold-pressed terpeneless Valencia orange oil (C4) which yielded inhibition zones from 44.0 ± 1.4 to 80 ± 0.0 mm. Less inhibitory responses were recorded for 5-fold concentrated Valencia orange oil (C3) and distilled d-limonene (C7) which exerted similar effects on both ciprofloxacin-sensitive and –resistant C. jejuni isolates. In general, ciprofloxacin-resistant and –sensitive C. jejuni isolates were equally susceptible to the respective orange oil fractions.