渗滤液循环回灌出水在混凝处理中的去除特性

经循环回灌后的渗滤液出水含有大量的腐殖质,其生物降解性差、氨氮含量高,具有类似长填龄填埋层渗滤液的水质特征。用混凝法处理渗滤液循环回灌出水,通过混凝pH、混凝剂种类及其投加量实验,确定了最佳混凝条件;并通过分析混凝处理前后渗滤液循环回灌出水的分子量变化和从出水中分离出的腐殖酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)和Hydrophilic(HyI)三种组分的变化,讨论了混凝法对渗滤液循环回灌出水去除效率不高的原因。研究表明,聚合硫酸铁(PFS)在pH=5、投药量为0.22g/L(以Fe2O3计)的条件下的混凝效果最佳,其对渗滤液循环回灌出水的COD去除率达58.1%。混凝剂对渗滤液循环回灌出水中的HA、FA和HyI组分的去除效果依次为:HA>FA>HyI。     

Dissolved organic carbon, a critical factor to increase the bioavailability of phosphorus during biochar-amended aerobic composting

Considerable research efforts have been devoted to increase phosphorus（P） availability during aerobic composting.However,there is little discussion weather the dissolved organic carbon（DOC） controls the transformation among P-fractions.Thus,we investigated the changes in DOC compositions and P-fractions during biochar-amended composting（wet weight basis,5% and 10%）.TP content continuously increased since the ’concentration effect’ during aerobic composting.NaHCO₃-Pi,NaOH-Pi and HCl-Pi...     

Selenium fractions in organic matter from Se-rich soils and weathered stone coal in selenosis areas of China

A high degree of association between Selenium (Se) and organic matter has been demonstrated in natural environments, but Se fractions and speciation in organic matter is unclear. In this study, a method for quantifying organic matter associated with Se (OM-Se) was developed to investigate Se fractions in organic matter in Se-rich soils and weathered stone coal from Enshi, China, where Se poisoning of humans and livestock has been documented. Initially, Se was extracted using water and a phosphate buffer. Subsequently, OM-Se was extracted using NaOH, and then speciated into Se associated with fulvic acids (FA-Se) and humic acids (HA-Se). Both FA-Se and HA-Se were further speciated into the weakly bound and strongly bound fractions using a customized hydride generation reactor. The results show that FA-Se (1.91-479 mg kg⁻¹) is the predominant form of Se in all Se-rich soils and the weathered stone coal samples, accounting for more than 62% of OM-Se (3.07-484 mg kg⁻¹). Weakly bound FA-Se (1.33-450 mg kg⁻¹) was prevalent in the total FA-Se, while weakly bound HA-Se (0.62-26.2 mg kg⁻¹) was variable in the total HA-Se (1.15-32.5 mg kg⁻¹). These data indicate that OM-Se could play a significant source and sink role in the biogeochemical cycling of Se in the supergene environment. Weakly bound FA-Se seems to act as a potential source for bioavailable Se, whereas strongly bound HA-Se is a possible OM-Se sink which is not readily transformed into bioavailable Se.     

Effect of microbial activity, soil water content and added copper on the temporal distribution patterns of HCB and DDT among different soil organic matter fractions

Temporal changes in the distribution of exogenous HCB and DDT among different soil organic matter fractions were studied under sterile and non-sterile conditions, different soil water contents, and different concentrations of added Cu(2+). The residence time was 311days. Soil organic matter was fractionated into fulvic acid (FA), humic acid (HA), bound-humic acid (BHA), lipid, and insoluble residue (IR) fractions by a methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) method. Results revealed that there is a mass transfer tendency of DDT and HCB from FA, HA and BHA to IR and lipid fractions with increasing residence time. Microbial activity accelerated the mass transfer, while the addition of Cu(2+) slowed it down. The HCB and DDT transfer rate decreased as the soil moisture increased from 1.9% to 60%, but increased when soil moisture increased further to 90%. A two-compartment first order kinetic model was used to describe the mass transfer from FA, HA and BHA.     

太湖不同营养水平湖区沉积物理化性质和磷的垂向变化

利用SMT标准测试程序对太湖3个不同营养水平湖区表层10 cm柱状沉积物进行磷赋存形态的垂向分析,并在此基础上讨论了沉积物有机质总量(w(OM)),细颗粒组成与磷赋存形态间的相关关系.结果表明,研究区各采样点沉积物的w(TP)平均值为437～1 650 mg/kg,最高为1 809 mg/kg; w(OM)平均值为17.93～38.76 mg/g;沉积物颗粒组成以粉砂和粘粒为主,占总量的49.64%～83.57%.不同湖区沉积物磷形态的垂向分布规律不同,总体上TP,无机磷(IP),铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)表现出在表层富集的现象, 钙结合态磷(Ca-P)和有机磷(OP)随深度的变化不大; w(OM)自表层向下逐渐降低. 无机磷占沉积物中总磷的比例较大,且其含量与Fe/Al-P的含量密切相关.Fe/Al-P占TP的比例随沉积物污染程度的增加而升高,是与人类活动密切相关的;有机质总量与OP显著相关;粘粒比例随污染程度的增加逐渐增大.      

不同下垫面雨水径流溶解性有机物特性

为明晰不同下垫面雨水径流中溶解性有机物特性差异,采用三维荧光光谱、同步荧光光谱及树脂分级等方法对北京市城市道路、屋面、广场、绿地4种下垫面径流DOM进行分析.分析发现,下垫面类型影响径流DOM浓度、物质组成及化学组分分布;道路、屋面初期径流DOC浓度较高,并随产流时间增加而逐渐降低,而绿地径流DOC浓度随产流时间增加而增加,广场径流DOC浓度则始终保持较低水平;路面交通活动、大气沉降作用等使道路、屋面和广场等硬化下垫面径流DOM主要由类富里酸和类芳香蛋白物质组成,且以疏水性化学组分为主,其中疏水中性和疏水酸性组分占比较高;受土壤冲刷有机质影响,绿地径流DOM除含类富里酸和类芳香蛋白物质外,还含有大量腐殖质和生物源蛋白物质,以亲水性化学组分为主,且主要为亲水中性和亲水酸性组分.     

巢湖藻华暴发对沉积物典型重金属空间分布格局的影响

为探究湖泊富营养化过程对沉积物中重金属空间分异及生态风险的影响,本研究以大型浅水湖泊—巢湖为研究对象,剖析了藻类暴发前、后巢湖表层沉积物中典型重/类金属（Cr、Ni、Cu、As、Cd、Pb）含量及其赋存形态的空间分布特征,并采用次生相与原生相比值、潜在生态风险指数法评估了沉积物重/类金属的污染程度与生态风险的变化规律.结果表明：(1)藻类暴发前6种重/类金属含量空间分布特征均表现为西部湖区显著高于中部和东部湖区（p<0.05,p<0.01）,而暴发后沉积物中重金属含量均有所增加,且空间上呈现均一化趋势;(2)藻类暴发前Cr、Ni、Cu、As和Pb均以残渣态为主,Cd以弱酸提取态为主;藻类暴发后6种重/类金属的残渣态相对质量分数均有所降低,可氧化态相对质量分数均有所增加;(3)藻类暴发后沉积物重金属综合污染程度由暴发前的中等污染程度提升为较高污染程度,且单一重金属污染程度表现出空间分布均一化的趋势;(4)潜在生态风险指数结果表明藻类暴发增加了沉积物重金属污染（As除外）的生态风险.本研究阐明了藻类暴发对巢湖沉积物重金属空间分异及其生态风险的影响,可为大型浅水湖泊生态健康评估与...     

城市污水二级出水中溶解性有机物特性分析

分别采用凝胶色谱、亲疏水性组分分离、荧光色谱等方法,研究了城市污水处理厂二级出水中溶解性有机物的分子量分布、亲疏水组分含量以及荧光光谱特性。结果表明,二级出水中疏水性组分较亲水性组分多,疏水性组分约占总有机物的64.3%,而亲水性组分占35.7%左右;二级出水及其不同亲/疏水组分中溶解性有机物分子量分布基本集中在4.5 kDa以下,其中弱疏水性组分和亲水性组分中主要为分子量小于1.5 kDa的有机物;二级出水溶解性有机物中含有腐殖酸类、富里酸类以及蛋白质类物质,其中含量以腐殖酸类为主。     

Ciprofloxacin-sensitive and ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter jejuni are equally susceptible to natural orange oil-based antimicrobials

A total of 10 ciprofloxacin-sensitive (ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC < 0.5 μ g/ml) and 10 ciprofloxacin-resistant (MIC 16 to 32 μ g/ml) presumptive C. jejuni were further characterized and evaluated for their inhibition by natural orange oil fractions. Partial species identification was performed by using a hippuricase gene-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. One of the isolates appeared to be atypical and failed to hydrolyze hippurate. Of the ciprofloxacin-resistant C. jejuni isolates tested, six were found to have their quinolone resistance determined by a C → T mutation in codon 86 of gyrA. Both groups of ciprofloxacin-sensitive and –resistant C. jejuni isolates were most susceptible to cold-pressed terpeneless Valencia orange oil (C4) which yielded inhibition zones from 44.0 ± 1.4 to 80 ± 0.0 mm. Less inhibitory responses were recorded for 5-fold concentrated Valencia orange oil (C3) and distilled d-limonene (C7) which exerted similar effects on both ciprofloxacin-sensitive and –resistant C. jejuni isolates. In general, ciprofloxacin-resistant and –sensitive C. jejuni isolates were equally susceptible to the respective orange oil fractions.     

秭归县植被结构演变及土壤侵蚀评价

为详细了解水库建设期秭归县植被结构演变及土壤侵蚀风险情况,使用TM和SPOT等中高分辨率遥感数据获取的秭归县1992、2007年1〖DK〗∶50 000土地利用分类、植被覆盖度、土壤侵蚀风险及1999～2007年SPOT VEGETATION NDVI等。利用景观格局方法研究植被景观格局演变,分析植被结构与土壤侵蚀风险变化特点。结果表明：1992～2007年,植被景观格局更加破碎,斑块离散程度变大,多样性提高,乔、灌等仍是优势类型,受不同人类政策的影响,不同类型植被类型景观特征响应表现出差异性。植被覆盖度得到改善,其中秭归中南部植被水平密度结构得到明显改善,对降低土壤侵蚀风险起到了积极作用。水库周边地区作为人类活动扰动的集中区,水土保持任务依然艰巨。通过遥感和GIS手段分析区域土地景观格局演变及其生态环境效应,分析变化背后的驱动机制和限制因素,甄别人类活动影响力,为研究三峡人地关系和谐发展提供借鉴和参考