长期地上凋落物处理和氮添加对油松-辽东栎混交林表层土壤碳氮组分的影响

气候变化引起的土壤碳源和氮源输入变化对森林生态系统碳、氮动态有潜在的重要影响.了解不同团聚体和化学成分的碳、氮组分对碳源和氮源输入的响应,对进一步揭示和预测未来气候变化下土壤碳、氮的响应特征具有重要意义.为了探究土壤不同碳、氮组分及其计量比对土壤碳源和氮源输入变化的响应特征,本研究基于在温带油松-辽东栎混交林样地建立的长期（8年）地上凋落物处理和氮添加实验,测定和分析了土壤不同团聚体碳、氮组分、可溶性碳、氮组分和微生物生物量碳、氮等指标.结果表明：长期叶凋落物加倍和混合凋落物加倍（含枝、叶和球果）均显著增加了土壤总有机碳、全氮、可溶性碳、活性碳及大团聚体（250~2000 μm）和微团聚体（53~250 μm）碳、氮组分的含量;氮添加显著增加了土壤总有机碳、全氮、可溶性氮及活性碳组分的相对和绝对含量;但土壤黏粉粒（2~53 μm和<2 μm）碳、氮组分、微生物生物量碳、氮及各碳、氮组分比值在不同处理之间均无显著性差异;地上叶凋落物加倍和混合凋落物加倍处理显著增强了土壤团聚体的稳定性并降低了土壤可溶性有机质的芳香性.这些结果表明,高质量和数量凋落物的输入及氮添加量的增加显著促进了土壤不同碳、氮组分的含量,但并没有显著改变各碳、氮组分的比值.     

太湖草藻型湖区磷赋存特征及其环境意义

研究草藻型湖区上覆水和沉积物磷赋存特征及环境意义有助于明晰磷在沉积物-水界面的迁移转化过程,对于深入理解不同类型湖区的富营养化过程及富营养化湖泊的治理具有重要现实意义.在太湖典型草藻型湖区进行四季多点采样,分析草藻型湖区水体及沉积物中不同磷形态的时空差异,并揭示其环境意义.结果表明:①藻型湖区上覆水中总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(DTP)、溶解性无机磷(DIP)和颗粒态磷(PP)显著高于草型湖区,时间分布上大都表现出夏秋高于冬春的特点,PP是TP的主要组成部分,占比71. 8%～89. 6%.叶绿素(Chl-a)浓度与上覆水中磷赋存形态呈相似的时空分布特征.②藻型湖区表层沉积物TP含量为372. 38～529. 64 mg·kg~(-1),草型湖区为304. 29～454. 27 mg·kg~(-1),藻型湖区表层沉积物TP含量明显高于草型湖区,冬季沉积物TP含量最高,夏季最低,这与外源污染的输入以及不同环境条件下内源磷在沉积物和上覆水间的迁移转化有关.③沉积物中不同磷赋存形态数量分布由小到大依次均为:NH_4Cl-P、Fe-P、Org-P、Res-P、Al-P和Ca-P.表层沉积物Mobile-P(NH_4Cl-P+Fe-P+Org-P)在TP中的占比藻型湖区为9. 10%～16. 93%,略高于草型湖区8. 11%～13. 50%,Res-P在TP中占比藻型湖区为10. 06%～14. 97%,草型湖区为11. 02%～20. 28%.藻型湖区内源磷释放风险大,不利于磷的固定与埋藏.不同类型的湖区富营养化程度明显不同,在磷的释放与埋藏中也表现出不同变化特点.藻型湖区因其较高的内源磷负荷和释放潜力,值得特别关注.     

渤海湾表层沉积物重金属在不同粒级有机-矿质复合体中的分布

采用超声分散法分离沉积物中不同粒级有机-矿质复合体,研究了渤海湾沉积物中Pb,Cd,Cr等重金属的污染及其在不同粒级有机-矿质复合体中的分布.结果表明,3种重金属含量总体上随着复合体粒径增大而减小.X射线衍射(XRD)结果显示,随着沉积物粒径的增大,主要来自原生矿物的石英和长石等岩石结构物质的含量增加,但这些物质中的重金属含量较低.渤海湾表层沉积物中重金属污染主要发生在以次生硅酸盐矿物及硅、铁、铝等氧化物或氢氧化物为主的细粒沉积物上,细粒样品由于其较大的比表面积和富含有机质的特性,通过吸附、沉淀、离子交换等,导致所含重金属含量较高.粘粒复合体中Pb含量是粗砂中的2.3倍,Cd是粗砂的3.8倍,而Cr是粗砂的2.8倍.      

鹤地水库沉积物营养盐及重金属分布和污染特征分析

为揭示鹤地水库沉积物营养盐及重金属分布和污染特征,对水库代表性区域柱状沉积物样品营养盐及重金属含量进行测定,在此基础上综合分析了水库沉积物营养盐及重金属空间分布特征、磷形态组成及其对水质的潜在影响,并对表层沉积物重金属进行了潜在生态危害评价.鹤地水库3个样点沉积物总氮(TN)含量在2.314～2.427 mg.g-1之间,其含量大小顺序为:湖泊区>过渡区>河流区,总磷(TP)含量在0.591～0.760 mg.g-1之间,其含量大小顺序为:过渡区>湖泊区>河流区;重金属(Cu、Cr、Pb、Zn、Cd和Hg)平均含量分别为31.094、46.85、75.615、385.739、0.624和0.171 mg.kg-1,除Cr外,湖泊区重金属含量均高于过渡区.垂直剖面上,沉积物营养盐及重金属含量总体上均表现出表层富集的特征.鹤地水库沉积物磷形态以无机磷(IP)为主,IP又以铁铝结合态的NaOH-P为主,NaOH-P含量占到IP含量的80%以上,磷组成特点表明其具有较强的潜在释放能力.潜在生态危害评价中,以工业化前沉积物最高背景值为参比的评价结果表明单种重金属基本属于轻微到中度污染,综合生态危害指数(RI)表明鹤地水库沉积物尚处于轻微生态危害程度;而以广东省土壤元素背景值为参比的评价表明重金属Cd和Hg均已达到强到极强污染程度,其余重金属则处于轻微污染水平,沉积物重金属综合RI值达到强到较强危害程度,这与该地区红壤中Cd和Hg的环境背景值较低有关,尽管2种参比评价结果有所不同,但均表明重金属Cd和Hg污染较其他重金属严重,对RI值的贡献最大.     

北京市道路雨水径流溶解性有机物化学组分特性

为探究北京市道路雨水径流溶解性有机物(DOM)的化学特性,采用三维荧光光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱及红外光谱技术,对北京市不同交通密度道路雨水径流溶解性有机物的化学组分进行分析.结果表明,北京市道路雨水径流DOM以疏水性组分为主,且主要为疏水中性组分.道路雨水径流DOM亲水性组分主要由类芳香蛋白物质组成,疏水性组分除含大量类芳香蛋白物质外,还含有大量类富里酸物质.道路雨水径流DOM疏水性组分的芳香化程度较高、腐殖化程度较低,亲水性组分与之相反.道路雨水径流DOM酸性组分中含异构化的羧基和苯环等官能团,碱性组分和中性组分中多含醚键、酯基、酚类和醇类等官能团.交通密度对道路雨水径流DOM化学组分的物质组成、特性等无明显影响,仅影响各化学组分中的物质含量;交通密度越大,各化学组分中物质的含量越多和芳香化程度越高,腐殖化程度越低.     

海陆交互带土壤及河流沉积物中镉含量及形态分布特征

镉污染对人类健康构成威胁,研究土壤中镉的空间分布可以用来评估对人类和环境构成的风险.通过分析海陆交互带不同埋深土壤中的重金属镉(Cd)含量及形态,揭示了土壤重金属镉的富集特征及变化规律.结果表明:(1)广州南沙区地表水中Cd质量浓度均低于0.000 1 mg·L^-1,河流沉积物的理化性质以上横沥水道为界呈现空间差异,重金属Cd主要沉积在上横沥以北,总Cd均值为2.71mg·kg^-1,上横沥水道及以南河流沉积物总Cd为0.062～0.39mg·kg^-1,对海洋环境危害小;(2)土壤剖面Cd含量随土壤埋深增加逐渐减小,埋深0～20、 20～50、 50～90、 90～140和140～200cm等5层剖面Cd含量中值依次为0.51、 0.50、 0.45、 0.42和0.33mg·kg^-1,且离散程度随埋深增加逐渐减小,pH小于5的土壤中Cd在垂向上的迁移量及迁移深度显著增加;(3)土壤中残渣态Cd约占40%,随埋深变化趋势基本持平,弱酸提取态Cd占比中值与pH的变化一致,均随剖面埋深的增加而增大;可还原...     

Organic carbon stratification and size distribution of three typical paddy soils from Taihu Lake region, China

Developing realistic soil carbon (C) sequestration strategies for China’s sustainable agriculture relies on accurate estimates of the amount, retention and turnover rates of C stored in paddy soils. Available C estimates to date are predominantly for the tilled and flood-irrigated surface topsoil (ca. 30 cm). Such estimates cannot be used to extrapolate to soil depths of 100 cm since soil organic carbon (SOC) generally shows a sharp decrease with depth. In this research, composite soil samples were collected at several depths to 100 cm from three representative paddy soils in the Taihu Lake region, China. Soil organic carbon distribution in the profiles and in aggregate-size fractions was determined. Results showed that while SOC decreased exponentially with depth to 100 cm, a substantial proportion of the total SOC (30%–40%) is stored below the 30 cm depth. In the carbon-enriched paddy topsoils, SOC was found to accumulate preferentially in the 2–0.25 and 0.25–0.02 mm aggregate size fractions. σ13C analysis of the coarse micro-aggregate fraction showed that the high degree of C stratification in the paddy topsoil was in agreement with the occurrence of lighter @1313C in the upper 30 cm depth. These results suggest that SOC stratification within profiles varies with di erent pedogenetical types of paddy soils with regards to clay and iron oxyhydrates distributions. Sand-sized fractions of aggregates in paddy soil systems may play a very important role in carbon sequestration and turnover, dissimilar to other studied agricultural systems.     

太湖西部流域滨岸带土壤磷形态空间分布与影响因素比较

为了揭示不同流域滨岸带的生态功能,于2015年夏季采集太湖西部苕溪流域和天目湖流域不同滨岸带（林地、耕地、草地、荒地）土壤,利用连续顺序提取法获得无机磷形态,分析土壤磷形态的空间分布特征、影响因素以及土壤磷形态与地下水中TDP（总溶解性磷）的联系.结果表明:苕溪滨岸带的磷形态含量总体上高于天目湖滨岸带,但组成方面有所差异.滨岸带土壤的NH₄Cl-P（弱吸附态磷）、BD-P（还原态磷）、NaOH-P（金属氧化物结合态磷）含量随土壤深度的增加而降低,HCl-P（钙结合态磷）含量随土壤深度的增加而增加,耕地表现得最为明显.从高地到滨水带,草地和荒地的磷形态含量有略微增加的趋势,而林地和耕地的磷形态含量均降低,耕地同样表现得最为明显.苕溪滨岸带磷形态含量的水平变幅大于天目湖滨岸带.相关性分析表明,土壤NaOH-P对地下水中TDP的贡献较大,有机质、黏土矿物和碳酸盐对磷形态有明显的影响;苕溪滨岸带土壤性质对其磷形态的影响较弱,而天目湖滨岸带比较明显.因此,苕溪和天目湖流域不同滨岸带土壤磷形态的空间分布存在差异,影响因素也不同;土壤磷形态与地下水中TDP有明显关系,尤其是NaOH-P.      

Phytoavailability and Fractions of Iron and Manganese in Calcareous Soil Amended with Composted Urban Wastes

Little is known about the effects of applying composted urban wastes on the phytoavailability and distribution of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) among chemical fractions in soil. In order to study this concern several experiments in pots containing calcareous soil were carried out. The received treatments by adding separately two rates (20 and 80 Mg ha^?1) of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost and/or municipal solid waste and sewage sludge (MSW-SS) co-compost. The cropping sequence was a lettuce crop followed by a barley crop. It was observed that treatments amended with composted urban wastes tended to promote slight increases in lettuce yield compared to the control. The highest Fe levels in lettuce were found when higher rates of MSW-SS co-compost were applied; these values were significant compared to those obtained in the other treatments. In all cases, the application of organic materials increased the concentration and uptake of Mn in lettuce compared to the control; however, these increases were significant only when higher rates of MSW compost were applied. The organic amendments had beneficial delayed effects on barley yields, showing, in most cases, significant increases compared to the control. In this context, treatments with MSW compost were found to be more effective than the equivalent treatments amended with MSW-SS co-compost. Compared to the control, composted urban wastes increased Fe concentration in straw and rachis, and decreased Fe concentration in barley grain. Similarly, a decreased concentration of Mn in the dry matter of barley crop grown in soils treated with composted urban wastes was observed.     

Copper amendments and soil ph affect distribution of different chemical forms of metals and their uptake by Swingle citrumelo seedlings

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of various rates of Copper (Cu) amendments (as CuSO₄.5H₂O at either 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, or 400 mg Cu kg^‐1) to soils with different pH values on the distribution of various chemical forms of Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), and Aluminum (Al) in soils and their uptake by Swingle citrumelo citrus rootstock seedlings. The soils included Myakka fine sand (pH 5.70), Candler fine sand (pH 6.45), and Oldsmar fine sand (pH 8.16). The chemical forms of metals evaluated in this study included exchangeable, sorbed, organically bound, precipitated, and residual forms. An increase in Cu rates, lowered the pH in the Myakka and Candler fine sands, but not in the Oldsmar fine sand. This, in turn, resulted in an increase in the proportion of the readily soluble forms (the exchangeable + sorbed forms) of Zn and Mn, and decreased that of Fe in the Myakka and Candler fine sands. In those two soils, the organically bound forms of Zn, Fe, and Mn decreased with an increase in Cu rates. However, the proportion of readily soluble forms was not significantly influenced by increasing Cu rates in the Oldsmar fine sand. The total content of Zn, Fe, and Mn in citrus roots and that of Zn and Fe in the leaves, significantly decreased with an increase in Cu rates in the Myakka and Candler fine sands. In the Oldsmar fine sand, Cu rates through the entire range had no significant effects on the total contents of Zn, Fe, and Mn in the leaves or in the roots of Swingle citrumelo rootstock seedlings.