新疆伊犁河谷沙漠沉积不同粒径组分的地球化学元素分布特征

本文通过对伊犁河谷西部塔克尔莫乎尔沙漠内的可克达拉（TKP）剖面典型层位样品 的不同粒级组分地球化学元素分析,探究西风环流控制的沙漠沉积区元素特征和化学风化指标 在不同粒级组分中的分布特征。研究结果表明TKP 剖面Na 和Sr 元素趋向于在粗粒级中富集; Fe、Mg、Al、Rb 元素趋向于细粒级中富集,K 元素含量随粒径增大先升高再降低,16 ~ 32 μm 粒 级处出现谷值;Ti 元素含量与粒度关系不明确。CIA、Rb/Sr 随粒级增大逐渐降低,Na2O/Al2O3、 Na2O/K2O、K2O/Al2O3 随粒级增大逐渐升高。TKP 剖面地球化学元素和比值在<2 μm、2~16 μm、 16 ~32 μm 细粒级组分不同粒级间变化较为剧烈,32~ 63 μm、63~125 μm、>125 μm 粗粒级组分 变化则不明显,而且粗粒级组分在剖面中的变化也比较稳定。剖面整体风化程度较弱,因此这 种现象可能是物源不统一造成的,为塔克尔莫乎尔沙漠具有物源多样性特点的观点提供了地球 化学元素方面的证据。     

菏泽市PM2.5碳组分季节变化特征

于2015年8月到2016年4月在菏泽市城区采集PM_(2.5)颗粒,利用热/光碳分析仪测定了颗粒物中8种碳组分,获得了有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的质量浓度,分析了OC与EC的比值、相关性,使用OC/EC比值法估算了二次有机碳(SOC)的浓度,并使用主成分分析法研究8种碳组分含量.结果表明,(1)PM_(2.5)中OC、EC的年质量浓度变化范围分别为1.2~60.6μg·m~(-3)、0.6~24.8μg·m~(-3),OC/PM_(2.5)、EC/PM_(2.5)的季节分布特征相似:冬季春季秋季夏季;(2)OC/EC的年平均值为2.6±1.0,春夏秋冬OC、EC的相关系数分别为0.91、0.56、0.86、0.75,估算的SOC年平均浓度为(4.7±5.0)μg·m~(-3);(3)不同季节8种碳组分质量分数均为EC1最高,EC3最低.主成分分析结果显示,春秋冬这3个季节碳组分的主要来源为燃煤、机动车和生物质燃烧.     

Environmental assessment of different management options for individual waste fractions by means of life-cycle assessment modelling

Several alternatives exist for handling of individual waste fractions, including recycling, incineration and landfilling. From an environmental point of view, the latter is commonly considered as the least desirable option. Many studies based on life-cycle assessment (LCA) highlight the environmental benefits offered by incineration and especially by recycling. However, the landfilling option is often approached unjustly in these studies, maybe disregarding the remarkable technological improvements that landfills have undergone in the last decades in many parts of the world.This study, by means of LCA-modelling, aims at comparing the environmental performance of three major management options (landfilling, recycling and incineration or composting) for a number of individual waste fractions. The landfilling option is here approached comprehensively, accounting for all technical and environmental factors involved, including energy generation from landfill gas and storage of biogenic carbon. Leachate and gas emissions associated to each individual waste fraction have been estimated by means of a mathematical modelling. This approach towards landfilling emissions allows for a more precise quantification of the landfill impacts when comparing management options for selected waste fractions.Results from the life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA) show that the environmental performance estimated for landfilling with energy recovery of the fractions “organics” and “recyclable paper” is comparable with composting (for “organics”) and incineration (for “recyclable paper”). This however requires high degree of control over gas and leachate emissions, high gas collection efficiency and extensive gas utilization at the landfill. For the other waste fractions, recycling and incineration are favourable, although specific emissions of a variety of toxic compounds (VOCs, PAHs, NO_x, heavy metals, etc.) may significantly worsen their environmental performance.     

DISTRIBUTION OF SEDIMENT PHOSPHORUS POOLS AND FLUXES IN RELATION TO ALUM TREATMENT1

ABSTRACT: The distribution of sediment physical characteristics, sediment phosphorus (P) pools, and laboratory‐based rates of P release from the sediments were used to identify regions and dosage for alum treatment in Wind Lake, Wisconsin. Using variations in sediment moisture content, we identified an erosional zone at depths < 1.4 m and an accumulation zone at depths > 2.6 m. Mean concentrations of porewater P, loosely‐bound P, iron‐ and aluminum‐bound P, and mean rates of P release from sediments under anoxic conditions were high in the accumulation zone compared to sediment P characteristics in the erosional zone, indicating focusing of readily mobilized sediment P pools from shallow regions and accumulation to deep regions. We determined that a future alum treatment for control of internal P loading would be most effective at depths > 2.6 in the accumulation zone. The mean rate of anoxic P release from sediments encountered in the accumulation zone (8.3 mg m^‐2 d^‐1) was used in conjunction with a summer anoxic period of 122 d, and a treatment area of 1.6 km² to estimate an internal P load of 1,600 kg to be controlled. Our results suggest that an understanding of the distribution of sediment P pools and P fluxes in lakes provides a strategy for estimating alum dosage and application areas.     

生物炭与氮肥复施对镉污染水稻土修复效应及机制

重金属镉(Cd)污染已严重影响土壤健康,威胁农产品生产安全利用.因此采用盆栽试验,以Cd污染水稻土为供试土壤,研究生物炭(BC)、不同氮肥施用水平2.6 g·pot^-1(N1)、 3.5 g·pot^-1(N2)、 4.4 g·pot^-1(N3)和生物炭配施氮肥(BCN1、 BCN2、 BCN3)对土壤Cd形态、水稻体内Cd富集和转运以及土壤酶活性的影响,并通过高通量测序分析土壤微生物菌群变化和微生物间复杂的相互作用关系.结果表明,生物炭配施氮肥处理下土壤Cd由活性较高的可交换态向活性低的残渣态转化,可交换态Cd含量较对照降低了6.2%～14.7%,残渣态Cd含量提高了18.6%～26.4%.单一氮肥处理增强了水稻根部Cd的富集能力,提高了22%～33.5%,单一生物炭和配施氮肥处理下水稻根部Cd的富集能力、 Cd从茎叶向稻壳和稻壳向稻米的转运系数均下降.BCN处理总体上促进了土壤酶活性(脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶),MiSeq测序显示生物炭配施氮肥提高了土壤细菌主要物种相对丰度(如Acidobacteriale...     

短期氮添加对黄山松林土壤碳组分的影响及其微生物机制

人类活动和大气沉降增加了陆地生态系统氮的输入,显著改变了生态系统碳循环.为了更好地理解氮沉降如何调节森林土壤有机碳组分动态,及其潜在的微生物机制.本研究在福建戴云山黄山松林设置3个氮添加梯度（对照（0 kg·hm^-2·a^-1）、低氮（40 kg·hm^-2·a^-1）、高氮（80 kg·hm^-2·a^-1） ）以模拟氮沉降.通过测定土壤基本理化性质、土壤微生物生物量、酶活性和碳利用效率,利用两步硫酸水解法将土壤有机碳分为量小、周转快的活性碳组分和量大、周转慢的惰性碳组分,以探究两年氮添加对亚热带黄山松土壤有机碳组分的影响.与对照相比,氮添加显著降低0~10 cm土壤活性碳组分含量,增加土壤惰性碳含量.氮添加提高了参与碳、氮和磷获取的3种水解酶活性（β-葡萄糖苷酶、β-N-乙酰氨基酸葡糖苷酶、酸性磷酸单酯酶）,并显著降低了土壤微生物碳利用效率.冗余分析和随机森林模型表明,土壤微生物碳利用效率、微生物生物量和β-葡萄糖苷酶是影响土壤碳组分变化的主要因子,且土壤微生物碳利用效率与活性碳呈显著正相关,与惰性碳呈显著负相关;微生物生物量碳与活性碳呈显著正相关,与惰性碳无显著关系.综上所述,土壤微生物生物量减少、碳利用效率的下降导致活性碳组分含量减少,而惰性碳组分含量增加,进而提高黄山松林土壤有机碳的稳定性.     

高DOM渗滤液厌氧-好氧-混凝处理工艺

采用厌氧-好氧-混凝工艺,对垃圾焚烧厂高DOM渗滤液进行处理,当进水ρ(COD_Cr)平均值为10 800 mg/L时,出水ρ(COD_Cr)平均值可达208 mg/L;同时,着重针对各工艺单元出水DOM不同分子质量分布区间的ρ(COD_Cr)以及DOM组成成分的变化进行了研究.结果表明:该处理工艺对DOM分子质量＜50 ku的有机物去除率均可达到94.7%以上,而对分子质量＜2 ku的有机物的去除率可达99.0%;对渗滤液DOM组成成分〔腐殖酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)和亲水性有机质(HyI)〕的去除率均达到90.0%以上,表明该组合工艺用于处理垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液是可行的.      

城市滨海湿地表层沉积物磷形态与相关关系分析

以九龙江口滨海湿地为例,采用连续提取法对沉积物中的磷进行连续提取和测定,探究城市滨海湿地表层沉积物中磷的生物可利用性,同时分析沉积物磷形态以及与环境参数的相关关系。结果表明：总磷（TP）含量为（456.34±13.13）mg·kg-1,生物可利用性磷（Bio-P）占TP59.46%;NaOH-P、HCl-P是TP的主要组成形态;NaOH-P是Bio-P的主要组成形态。相关性研究表明,沉积物中TP含量的增加主要来自NaOH-P,其次是HCl-P。NH4Cl-P、BD-P、NaOH-P、HCl-P之间未呈显著相关,其来源具有差异性。NaOH-P与pH显著负相关,与Fe、Al未呈显著相关;OP与有机质含量亦无显著相关。研究成果将为海域生态环境保护和城市滨海湿地环境恢复提供基础数据。     

Characterization and distribution of mineral content in fine and coarse airborne particle fractions by neutron activation analysis∗

Nowadays, much attention is devoted to the study of toxic elements at trace and sub-trace levels in the investigation of particulate matter composition, especially in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5. Furthermore, it should be considered that the behavior knowledge is an other important task for understanding such species. Finally, the determination of particular elements with a few data in literature can assume relevant importance in industrial processes (Pd, Rh, Ir, etc. for catalytic pot, Sm, Ce, Eu, etc. for optical fibers and electronic process). In this article, we apply a nuclear technique, i.e. Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis, for the study of metal composition in fine and coarse fractions. This nuclear technique allows the determination of about 25 elements: for some of them, this is the first determination in the ambient air of Rome. The investigation was performed in a reserved area in downtown Rome during a 15-day intensive campaign. The sampled filters were irradiated at the nuclear reactor Triga Mark II (ENEA-Casaccia Laboratories) at neutron flux of 2.6?×?10¹²?n?cm^?2?s^?1 for 32.55?h. The measurements of the γ-ray allow the qualitative and quantitative analysis. The element levels in fine and coarse fractions will be shown with the correlations among some elements being more interesting in the toxicological field: basically, the concentrations are very low.     

自养微生物同化碳在土壤腐殖质组分及团聚体中的分配

采用14C-CO₂(碳同位素)连续标记技术结合室内模拟培养试验,采用土壤有机质的物理、化学分组方法,研究了不同种植方式〔P-R(盘塘水稻土)、P-U(盘塘水旱轮作土)和U-C(盘塘坡旱土)〕下14C-SOC(自养微生物同化碳)在土壤腐殖质组分和团聚体中的分配特征. 结果表明:不同种植方式显著影响自养微生物的固碳能力,P-R的自养微生物固碳能力最强〔w(14C-SOC)为38.32 mg/kg〕,约为P-U和U-C的2倍;P-R和P-U中w(14C-DOC)、w(14C-MBC)显著大于U-C中. 14C-SOC不同程度地进入了土壤的3种腐殖质组分(胡敏素、胡敏酸、富啡酸)中,其中进入胡敏素中的14C-SOC占总量的67.7%. 14C-SOC亦进入了不同粒径的土壤团聚体中,其中主要进入了Ⅲ级(0.020 mm≤粒径<0.200 mm)和Ⅱ级(0.200 mm≤粒径<2.000 mm)粒径的大团聚体中,表现出了碳汇效应;不同种植方式的土壤中,以P-R土壤各粒径土壤团聚体中w(14C-SOC)最高. 相关分析表明,全土中的w(14C-SOC)与各粒径土壤团聚体中w(14C-SOC)和胡敏酸中w(14C-SOC)均呈显著正相关.