龙江河突发环境事件河流镉污染化学形态模拟

重金属污染突发水环境事件的应急处置和造成的环境损害与污染物的化学形态及其环境行为密切相关.以2012年初发生在我国广西的龙江河镉污染事件为例,采用Minteq软件尝试计算3种情景下河流水环境溶解态Cd的化学形态.结果表明,在天然背景条件下龙江河Cd浓度约为5mg/L时,水环境中Cd以Cd2+为主,并主要受DOC含量的影响.镉污染事件发生后若无应急处置措施,天然水体对Cd的络合缓冲能力极其有限,以Cd2+形式存在的Cd占75%以上,呈现严重的急性生态毒性.投加聚合氯化铝和碱性物质可以有效控制河流溶解态Cd含量,当pH值超过9.0时,以Cd2+存在的Cd迅速降低.Cd2+含量对河流pH值的参数敏感性最高,DOC其次,水温影响最小.事件处置结束后应密切关注絮凝体中Cd的再释放规律以及水体pH值及DOC对Cd形态的影响.     

游离氨对热水解联合中温厌氧消化处理剩余污泥的影响

热水解预处理强化了污泥厌氧消化过程,但同时增加了微生物受游离氨抑制的风险.对比传统工艺,在有机容积负荷率1.74~4.27gVS/(L·d)条件下,研究了游离氨(FA)对热水解联合中温厌氧消化工艺性能的影响.结果表明,组合工艺甲烷产量较传统反应器提高89%~121%,有机去除率提高1.21~1.46倍.但同时导致系统中游离氨浓度达89~382mgN/L,显著高于传统工艺中37~84mgN/L的范围.游离氨毒性测试显示,传统工艺中FA浓度从43mgN/L升至84mgN/L,没有抑制解乙酸产甲烷途径,而组合工艺中FA升至264mgN/L时,表现出抑制作用,尽管厌氧菌对高浓度FA表现更强的驯化趋势.结合氮负荷试验, FA浓度与基质利用能力,解乙酸产甲烷途径抑制程度和挥发性有机酸积累的关系表明,高有机负荷条件下组合工艺效率可通过控制氮负荷优化.     

湖北省油菜测土配方施肥下N2O减排潜力估算

以油菜种植大省-湖北省为案例地,在分析农田氮肥施用与油菜籽产量的基础上,依据氮肥利用率变化,估算测土配方施肥技术在湖北省全面推广的情况下,带来的N2O减排潜力.结果表明,在湖北省油菜种植中,测土配方施肥技术的推广将带来646.32ktCO2-eq的理论减排.以2012年湖北省油菜测土配方推广情况为基础,进一步全面实施该项技术,将产生173.91ktCO2-eq的减排量,占油菜种植因氮肥使用而产生的N2O排放总量的13.98%.测土配方施肥通过优化营养元素配比,提高油菜氮肥利用效率,是一项控制与减少农业N2O排放、减少氮素在环境中盈余量的有效措施.     

Effects of water quality on the coagulation performances of humic acids irradiated with UV light

The presence of humic acid in drinking water treatment has received significant attention in recent years because of its adverse effects on the removal of many pollutants in coagulation. In this paper, the effects of water quality including pH, turbidity, alkalinity, and hardness on the removal of humic acid were investigated in a UV light hybridized coagulation process. Our results suggested that UV light radiation could effectively improve the removal rate of humic acid in coagulation under both neutral and basic conditions, and the variations of the selected water quality parameters had little adverse effect on the function of UV light. After UV light radiation, the removal rate of the nitro-humic acid (NHA) increased from 20% to 60% in coagulation, and increased further to 75% and 85% for the raw waters with 10.0 NTU kaolin and 100 mg·L^-1 hardness, respectively. In addition to NHA, the removal rates of the humic acid extracted from peat coal (PHA) and the humic acid provided by Japan metals and chemicals company (JHA) in coagulation were also improved, both in the range of 80%–90% after undergoing UV light radiation. By changing the radiation location from prior to coagulation to the flocculation process, similar experimental results were obtained. The formation of positive charged sites after UV light radiation was considered to be the primary factor that led to an enhanced removal of the humic acid in coagulation.     

Effect of effluent organic matter on ozonation of bezafibrate

The influence of three effluent organic matter (EfOM) model compounds, humic acid (HA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and sodium alginate (AGS), on the ozonation of bezafibrate (BF), a typical pharmaceutical and personal care product (PPCP), was investigated. The results show that ozonation efficiently removed BF from aqueous solution with removal efficiencies>95% within 8 min for all conditions. The reaction rate of BF decreased with increasing model compounds concentrations and the influence was more pronounced for HA and BSA, while less pronounced for AGS. Although BF concentration was significantly reduced, the degree of mineralization achieved was only approximately 11%. The addition of HA and BSA improved the mineralization of the solution, while the influence of AGS was minor. The acute toxicity of BF solution during ozonation was determined using the Luminescent bacteria test, and the toxicity exhibited an initial increase and a successive reduction. An overall decreased acute toxicity was observed with an increase of HA. The presence of BSA increased the formation rate of toxicity intermediates and resulted in inhibition peak forward.     

硅藻土强化混凝去除铜绿微囊藻的影响因素研究

以原水中常见的铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,研究了联合硅藻土与聚合氯化铝(PAC)强化混凝去除铜绿微囊藻的效果.考察了PAC和硅藻土的投加量、溶液pH值、天然有机物腐植酸(HA)对藻和浊度去除的影响,并用zeta电位分析方法对混凝剂的静电中和能力进行表征.结果表明:硅藻土具有良好的助凝作用,投加其有助于改善絮体的沉降性能,提高铜绿微囊藻的混凝去除效果,PAC为6mg/L,pH值为7~8,硅藻土投加量为30mg/L时,叶绿素a(Chl-a)去除率可达96%,剩余浊度低于0.9NTU. HA存在会明显抑制铜绿微囊藻的混凝去除,当HA浓度大于1.0mg/L时, Chl-a去除率大幅度下降同时剩余浊度明显上升,硅藻土的投加可以在一定程度上缓解负面作用.     

亲水荷电超滤膜的制备及对腐殖酸的分离性能

为改善聚醚砜(PES)超滤膜的抗污染性能和提高对腐殖酸(HA)的截留率,以介孔二氧化硅(MS)为添加剂,采用相转化法制备了亲水性PES/MS复合超滤膜,并对膜表面进行荷电改性.研究了MS对膜的断面结构、表面化学性质和过滤性能的影响,考察了荷电改性PES/MS超滤膜对水中HA的分离性能以及溶液pH值、离子强度和钙离子浓度等因素对荷电膜超滤过程的影响.SEM表征结果显示,MS颗粒在PES/MS复合膜的表面分散均匀,膜孔的连通性改善.亲水荷电改性后,膜表面接触角由68°降至57°,zeta电位由-6.31mV降至-11.45mV,膜对HA的去除率由72%提高到95%,通量衰减率由29.8%减小到4.9%.结果表明,对PES超滤膜进行亲水荷电改性可有效提高对HA的截留率,同时减轻膜污染;另外,溶液的pH值、离子强度和钙离子浓度对荷电超滤膜的过滤性能有较大影响,调节合适的溶液环境可在提高截留率的同时,减轻膜污染.     

稀酸预处理铜藻制备生物乙醇工艺

选取暖温带海洋生态环境生物修复的首选物种——铜藻(Sargassum horneri)为原料进行生物乙醇的制备,以稀硫酸水解后的还原糖收率为响应值,考察水解温度、液固比、水解时间和w(H₂SO₄)等参数对水解效率的影响. 为优化稀酸水解铜藻预处理的工艺条件,在单因素试验的基础上,利用Box-Benhnken中心组合设计法和响应面分析法,建立稀酸预处理工艺参数的回归模型,并与酶水解及发酵相结合验证了铜藻稀酸预处理效果. 结果表明:①稀酸水解铜藻的最优工艺参数. 水解温度为120 ℃,液固比为20∶1,水解时间为2.00 h,w(H₂SO₄)为4.50%. ②稀酸水解铜藻过程中各影响因素之间存在交互作用,水解时间和w(H₂SO₄)的非线性作用显著. ③对经最佳稀酸预处理工艺处理后的铜藻粉进行酶水解,其还原糖收率为44.05%,是未预处理下的8.14倍,并且后续进行发酵后,乙醇产率达7.80%,是未预处理下的2.00倍. 表明铜藻是一种潜在的生物乙醇原料,稀酸预处理方法对铜藻生物乙醇的制备行之有效.      

致癌性卤代醌介导的脂质氢过氧化物分解的分子机制

卤代醌是许多卤芳香持久有机污染物的致癌代谢产物和饮用水消毒副产物.13-过氧羟基-9,11-十八碳二烯酸(13-HPODE)是最为广泛研究的内源性脂质过氧化物.众所周知,过渡金属离子可以催化分解13-HPODE,但尚不清楚卤代醌是否可以通过不依赖金属离子的途径促进其分解;若是如此,又有什么特异性和相似性?我们发现卤化醌如2,5-二氯-1,4-苯醌(DCBQ)可显著促进13-HPODE的分解.综合采用电子自旋共振-自旋捕获、HPLC-MS和GC-MS等分析方法,可检测到反应形成的脂质烷基自由基如戊烷基自由基、7-羧甲基自由基以及具有基因毒性的4-羟基-2-壬烯醛(HNE)等.在DCBQ和13-HPODE的反应中也能检测到两种氯醌-脂质烷氧基耦合物.我们认为卤代醌促进内源性脂质过氧化物13-HPODE分解生成活性脂质烷基自由基和基因毒性的HNE是通过一类新型的金属非依赖亲核取代与裂解机理来实现的,这也在一定程度上解释了其潜在的基因毒性和致癌性.     

Haloacetic acids in swimming pool and spa water in the United States and China

The objective of this study is to investigate the occurrence of haloacetic acids （HAAs）, a group of disinfection byproducts, in swimming pool and spa water. The samples were collected from six indoor pools, six outdoor pools and three spas in Pennsylvania, the United States, and from five outdoor pools and nine indoor pools in Beijing, China. Five HAAs （HAA5）, including monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid were analyzed. Total chlorine, pH and total organic carbon concentration were analyzed as well. Results indicated that the levels of HAA5 in swimming pools and spas in the United States ranged from 70 to 3980μg·L^-1, with an arithmetic average at 1440μg·L^-1 and a median level at 1150μg·L^-1. These levels are much higher than the levels reported in chlorinated drinking water and are likely due to organic matters released from swimmers＇ bodies. The levels of HAA5 in swimming pools in China ranged from 13 to 332μg·L^-1, with an arithmetic average at 117μg·L^-1 and a median level at 114μg·L^-1. The lower HAA levels in swimming pools in China were due to the lower chlorine residuals. Results from this study can help water professionals to better understand the formation and stability of HAAs in chlorinated water and assess risks associated with exposures to HAAs in swimming pools and spas.