PRB技术修复铬污染地下水的试验研究

以铬污染地下水为研究对象,用零价铁作为反应介质设计了可渗透反应墙(PRB),对零价铁处理铬污染地下水的处理效果和长期稳定性进行了研究。对不同粒径的铁粉处理效果进行对比,发现铁粉粒径越小,处理效果越好。用铁粉作为PRB反应介质,对PRB处理铬污染地下水的长期稳定性进行了研究。试验结果表明,采用Fe0-PRB原位技术处理铬污染地下水,铁粉粒径越小处理废水的水质越好,但介质粒径越小,反应器渗透系数越小,处理水量显著减少;且铁粉在处理含铬废水时生成了大量的难溶化合物,容易造成填料堵塞,导致铁粉利用效率不高。因此有必要研制铁粉复合填料,增大填料的渗透性,提高填料处理含铬废水时铁粉的利用效率。     

光助Fenton反应催化剂Fe/Al2O3的制备及其对六氯苯的催化活性研究

采用超声促进浸渍法制备了光助Fenton催化剂Fe/Al2O3,利用该催化剂对六氯苯（HCB）进行光助Fenton氧化降解,考察了浸渍液浓度、浸渍温度、灼烧温度和灼烧时间等制备条件对其催化降解六氯苯的活性的影响,确定了制备Fe/Al2O3的工艺条件,并对制得的催化剂进行表征。结果表明,超声促进浸渍法制备非均相光助Fenton反应催化剂Fe/Al2O3的最佳工艺条件为：浸渍液浓度25mmol/L,浸渍温度40℃,焙烧温度500℃,焙烧时间3h。在此条件下制备的催化剂对六氯苯的降解具有较高的催化活性。     

Fenton反应及其参与的光催化体系的机理研究进展

综述了光催化降解有机污染物和杀菌的机理,其中降解有机物机理的主要内容为空穴和羟基自由基(·OH)氧化分解有机污染物,杀菌机理与降解有机物类似,即电子和空穴或含氧自由基攻击细菌的细胞壁、细胞膜和胞内成分,使细菌失活。分别从Fe~(2+)和Cu~(2+)两种离子介导的Fenton反应总结了Fenton反应的机理,得出两种离子介导的Fenton反应具有类似机理的结论。最后阐述了目前在光催化体系中引入Fenton反应的研究现状及作用机理,发现将Fenton反应引入光催化体系是促进光催化活性的有效途径。     

废水反硝化除氮

反硝化是ＮＯ３＾－在反硝化细菌作用下，经ＮＯ２＾－、ＮＯ、Ｎ２Ｏ被还原为Ｎ２。反硝化对ＮＯ３＾－及有机基质呈零级动力学反应。文章还介绍了生物反硝化的生化反应，反硝化细菌以及基质、温度、溶解氧、ＰＨ对反硝化作用的影响。     

Biodegradation of phenol by free and immobilized Acinetobacter sp. strain PD12

A new phenol-degrading bacterium with high biodegradation activity and high tolerance of phenol, strain PD 12, was isolated from the activated sludge of Tianjin Jizhuangzi Wastewater Treatment Facility in China. This strain was capable of removing 500 mg phenol/L in liquid minimal medium by 99.6% within 9 h and metabolizing phenol at concentrations up to 1100 mg/L. DNA sequencing and homologous analysis of 16S rRNA gene identified PD12 to be an Acinetobacter sp. Polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） was used as a gel matrix to immobilize Acinetobacter sp. strain PDI2 by repeated freezing and thawing. The factors affecting phenol degradation of immobilized cells were investigated, and the results showed that the immobilized cells could tolerate a high phenol level and protected the bacteria against changes in temperature and pH. Storage stability and reusability tests revealed that the phenol degradation functions of immobilized cells were stable after reuse for 50 times or storing at 4℃ for 50 d. These results indicate that immobilized Acinetobacter sp. strain PD 12 possesses a good application potential in the treatment of phenol-containing wastewater.     

电沉积法处理电解锌漂洗废水的动力学研究

采用电沉积法处理电解锌漂洗工艺废水,以回收废水中的重金属资源。在不同实验条件下对电沉积反应过程中电沉积反应速率及其影响因素进行了研究,结果表明,电沉积回收重金属锌符合准一级动力学规律,当V=6 V时,速率常数k=0.0214。最佳实验条件为:槽电压V=6 V、电解时间为45~60 min、pH为2.5~3.5,反应过程中应充分搅拌。利用电沉积法处理电解锌漂洗废水,将重金属Zn2+还原为单质锌,处理废水的同时实现重金属资源的回收,在工业中有较好的应用前景。     

催化臭氧氧化过程中溴酸盐的生成机制研究

以黄河下游某水厂滤后水为目标物,选择了9种催化剂,在间歇反应装置中研究了单独臭氧和催化臭氧氧化过程中溴酸盐（BrO 3-）的生成情况,结果表明,在催化臭氧氧化过程中,NiO、CuO、Fe3O4、Al2O3加入使BrO 3-质量分数分别降低34.0%、32.8%、29.2%、20.8%.选取Fe3 O4作为催化剂研究催化...     

珠江三角洲4种代表性土壤/沉积物中自由态与结合态有机氯农药的含量与分布特征

有机氯农药在土壤/沉积物中主要以自由态和结合态存在.本研究选取珠江三角洲地区4种代表不同沉积环境的典型土壤/沉积物样品,先采用碱萃取、盐酸/氢氟酸去矿物等方法对样品进行了组分分离,再采用有机溶剂萃取法对不同组分中自由态和结合态有机氯农药进行了系统分析.结果显示,4种土壤/沉积物总有机氯农药含量为20.96～134.22 μg·kg^-1,其中HCHs总含量为5.66～22.87　μg·kg^-1,DDTs总含量为1.51～11.70　μg·kg^-1,β-HCH、七氯、艾氏剂、异狄氏剂、硫丹硫酸盐和甲氧滴滴涕等6种农药为主要成分,占总有机氯农药的53.56%～77.26%.自由态有机氯农药含量为8.46～88.45　μg·kg^-1,占总有机氯农药的40.37%～65.90%.结合态有机氯农药含量为11.46～45.77　μg·kg^-1,占总有机氯农药的34.10%～59.63%,主要存在于土壤/沉积物的腐殖酸和胡敏素组分,反映了环境中结合态有机氯农药的大量存在.自由态DDT和HCH类有机氯农药的分布情况表明,4种样品均没有新鲜HCH类农药输入而部分样品仍有新鲜DDT类农药输入.结合态有机氯农药在腐殖酸和胡敏素间的分布与有机质碳含量相关,占总有机碳57.71%～80.55%的胡敏素结合了94.78%～97.48%的结合态有机氯农药.风险评价结果表明,部分游离态有机氯农药如γ-HCH、艾氏剂、异狄氏剂、DDT类农药可能存在一定的生态风险.由于单个化合物的总量要比自由态高出约1～30倍,同时结合态农药在一定条件下有释放到环境的可能,因此有机氯农药的环境风险评价和环境标准建立均需考虑结合态有机氯农药.     

Effect of substituents in hydroxyl radical-mediated degradation of azo pyridone dyes: Theoretical approaches on the reaction mechanism

Understanding the degradation behavior of azo dyes in photocatalytic wastewater treatment is of fundamental and practical importance for their application in textile-processing and other coloration industries. In this study, quantum chemistry, as density functional theory, was used to elucidate different degradation pathways of azo pyridone dyes in a hydroxyl radical (HO^?)-initiated photocatalytic system. A series of substituted azo pyridone dyes were synthesized by changing the substituent group in the para position of the benzene moiety, ranging from strong electron-donating to strong electron-withdrawing groups. The effect of dye molecular structure on the photocatalytic degradation reaction mechanism was analyzed and quantification of substituent effects on the thermodynamic and kinetics parameters was performed. Potential energy surface analysis revealed the most susceptible reaction site for the HO^? attack. The calculated reaction barriers are found to be strongly affected by the nature of substituent group with a good correlation using Hammett σ_p constants and experimentally determined reaction rates. The stability of pre-reaction complexes and transition state complexes were analyzed applying the distortion-interaction model. The increased stability of the transition state complexes with the distancing from the substituent group has been established.     

溶解性有机质对罗红霉素光降解的影响研究

近年来,罗红霉素(ROX)因其用量大、检出频率高和生态风险大引起了广泛关注.本文主要研究了环境pH条件下不同的溶解性有机质(DOM),包括富里酸(PLFA)、腐殖酸(SRHA)和天然有机质(SRNOM)对罗红霉素光降解的影响及主要活性物种对其光降解的贡献.结果表明:纯水中罗红霉素可发生自敏化光降解,在pH 6～8条件下,罗红霉素光降解的一级反应速率常数为0.0033～0.0049 h~(-1).DOM促进了罗红霉素光降解,其促进效果从大到小为PLFASRNOMSRHA.DOM共存时罗红霉素光降解的反应速率常数随pH增加而增加,在pH 6时为0.0145～0.0266 h~(-1),在pH 8时为0.0273～0.0577 h~(-1).通过异丙醇淬灭实验发现,羟基自由基(·OH)对罗红霉素光降解起主要贡献,其贡献率在pH 6时为83.45%～98.70%,在pH 8时降低至76.76%～78.02%;3种DOM体系中产生的单态氧(~1O_2)的稳态浓度在(5.15～7.86)×10~(-14) mol·L~(-1)范围内;在pH 6、7和8的条件下,~1O_2与罗红霉素的二级反应速率常数分别为2.27×10~5、1.96×10~6和1.51×10~7 L·mol~(-1)·s~(-1).~1O_2对罗红霉素的光降解的贡献随pH升高而升高,在pH 6时为0.21%～0.43%,在pH 8时为4.85%～11.33%.