Properties and biodegradability of chain-extended copoly(succinic anhydride/ethylene oxide)

Chain-extension reactions were carried out using titanium-iso-propoxide (TIP) as a catalyst for a series of polyesters or copolyesterethers with low molecular weights (M _n =1500–10,000) synthesized by the ring-opening copolymerization of succinic anhydride (SA) with ethylene oxide (EO). The copolymers having aM _n from 25,000 to 50,000 of different properties were obtained. Both the melting point (T _m ) and the fusion heat (H), which indicate the crystallinity of the copolymers, rose with an increase in SA content in the copolymers. Semitransparent films were prepared by compression molding of the copolymers. The biodegradation of the copolymer films was evaluated by enzymatic hydrolysis by lipases and by an aerobic gas evolution test in standard activated sludge. The hydrolyzability of these copolymers by three kinds of lipases was affected by their copolymer composition SA/EO, form, andM _n . The copolyesterether (SA/EO=43/57,M _n =48,900) was more easily biodegraded by standard activated sludge compared to the polyester (SA/EO=47/53,M _n =36,300).Presented at the Pacifichem-95, December 17–22, 1995, Honolulu, Hawaii.     

Analysis of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein and free beta human chorionic gonadotrophin in the first trimester: Implications for down's syndrome screening

The aim of this study was to determine the maternal population, pregnancy, serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and free β subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin (FβhCG) parameters in a large series of women attending prenatal clinics before 15 weeks' gestation and to assess the practical problems of population screening for Down's syndrome in the first trimester using these markers. Serum samples were collected from 8600 women attending prenatal clinic booking visits. Maternal serum AFP and FβhCG medians were calculated for each day of gestation (49–104 days), using both dates and ultrasound estimates of gestation. The effects of maternal weight, twin pregnancies, and threatened abortion on AFP and FβhCG levels were analysed. The median age of the population was 27.1 years and the median weight 62.1 kg. Twenty-six per cent of samples were collected before 70 days and 50 per cent before 78 days' gestation. Eighty-nine per cent of all samples had gestational estimates by dates, 60 per cent by ultrasound and 52 per cent by both dates and ultrasound. The AFP median was 5 kU/1 at 49 days, 5.9 kU/1 at 70 days, and 17.9 kU/1 at 100 days. The peak median FβhCG level was 66.4 ng/ml at 64 days, falling to 20.6 ng/ml at 100 days' gestation. Both AFP and FβhCG levels showed log Gaussian distributions but the standard deviation for AFP was 20 per cent greater than that found in the second trimester. AFP and FβhCG levels showed an inverse relationship with maternal weight and were increased in twin pregnancies (1.68 and 1.97 multiples of the median, respectively). AFP and FβhCG can be readily measured in a large screening population in the first trimester. Down's syndrome screening protocols based on these markers could be refined by the use of gestations in individual days but AFP is likely to be a less effective marker and detection rates are likely to be lower than in the second trimester. To realize the potential of first-trimester screening, more women should be encouraged to attend the prenatal clinic in early pregnancy and ultrasound dating should be carried out for all pregnancies at this stage.     

仪器法测定BOD5的研究与应用

通过研究用仪器法测定BOD5的方法的准确性。可靠程度及与标准法的相关性，从而证明简单、方便的仪器法是否可以代替繁琐、复杂的标准法，因而可以行之有效地运用到生产、科学研究、教学实际中。     

The crystal growth of hydroxyapatite in presence of collagens

The crystal growth of hydroxyapatite (HAP) seeds in presence of the abnormal collagen secreted by the chondrocyte grown in media containing free radical sources or fulvic acid and the type II collagen (pig cartilage) damaged by · OH and fulvic acid(FA) from potable water in endemic region of Kaschin-Beck disease (KBD) was studied. The results showed that in the former case, the abnormal collagen rich in type I collagen promoted mineralization in contrast with the type n collagen. The oxidatively damaged type II collagen became less inhibitive or even promotive. In all cases, the reaction followed a second order kinetics. The powder X-diffraction analysis and SEM observation indicated that the damaged type II collagen lowers the crystalinity in the beginning and made the final crystal more agglomerated. All the results showed that the abnormal and the damaged cartilage matrix affected the bimineralization and was likely to have played an important role in the development of KBD.     

In vitro amplification of the α1-antitrypsin gene: Application to prenatal diagnosis

Discrimination of the M, Z, and S alleles of α₁-antritrypsin (AAT) has been carried out using in vitro gene amplification with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Amplification of 90 nucleotides surrounding the Z mutation site and 120 nucleotides surrounding the S mutation site dramatically improves the sensitivity and reliability of allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) hybridization for direct detection of these alleles. Analysis is performed using Southern blots or dot blots hybridized with 19 base oligonucleotides and differentially washed for allele specificity. Amplification of the Z and S mutation sites can be combined in one PCR to allow detection of both mutations when analysed by gel electrophoresis and Southern transfer. This technique can be performed reliably using less than 0·1 μg of genomic DNA or less than 100 amniocytes or white blood cells. This technique has been used to perform prenatal diagnosis on a chorionic villus sample (CVS) in a fetus at risk for the ZZ Pi type form of AAT deficiency.     

前置反硝化技术在丙烯腈废水处理中的成功应用

根据含氰废水生物脱氮装置的运行实践分析了生物脱氮反应中废水的氨化、硝化和反硝化特点、原理。对装置进行改造后，氨氮合格率为95％以上。     

湿空气作为自由基源物质脱除烟气中的NOx

以湿空气为自由基源物质,通过直流电晕放电自由基簇射,结合化学吸收脱除烟气中的NOx,比较了湿空气和湿氧气两种自由基源物质条件下的NOx脱除效果.结果表明,以湿空气为自由基源物质时的NOx脱除效率比湿氧气低.实验条件下,湿空气时,反应器NOx脱除效率为45.5%,经25%NaOH溶液吸收后系统总效率为68.6%;湿氧气时,反应器NOx脱除效率为71.5%,经25%NaOH溶液吸收后系统总效率为90.9%.     

亚硝酸根—番红O重氮化偶联反应机理研究

研究了在酸性介质中，亚硝酸根离子与番红Ｏ偶联反应的机理，并作为光度分析新方法应用于测定亚硝酸根离子，研究表明，在５２０ｎｍ处，试剂空白同试液吸光度的差值与亚硝酸根离子的含量在２０－５００μｇ／Ｌ范围内的成线性关系。方法用于土壤，环境水样中亚硝酸根离子的测定，结果满意。     

微粒羽流中粉尘的实验研究

通过实验观察和实验结果分析,研究了自由下落羽流产生的粉尘与物料本身的物理参数和工作参数的变化关系,并对实际生产操作过程中如何减少粉尘的产生提供了参考建议。     

电芬顿法的研究现状与发展

电芬顿法的研究已引起了人们广泛的关注。利用电化学法产生Fe^2＋和H2O2作为芬顿试剂的持续来源，两者产生后立即生成具有高度活性的羟基自由基，使有机物氧化成CO2和H2O2本文简要介绍了电芬顿法在国内外的研究现状，详细阐述了各种电芬顿法的运行机理及其影响因素，并对其今后的发展趋势进行了展望。