磷钨酸光催化降解直接大红4BE溶液的研究

以磷钨酸(PW12)为催化剂,对偶氮染料直接大红4BE进行均相光催化降解,考察了PW12用量、染料初始浓度对反应的影响,并对反应机理进行了探讨.结果表明,PW12能够有效光催化降解直接大红4BE.PW12用量￡600mg/L时,直接大红4BE的降解随PW12用量的增加明显加快, 光解过程符合表观一级反应动力学.当pH2.0、直接大红4BE初始浓度为50mg/L、PW12用量为600mg/L时,其光催化降解效果最佳, 对应的一级表观反应速率常数k为0.1164min-1.直接大红4BE初始浓度在50~150mg/L范围内,PW12对其光催化降解速率随染料浓度的增加而减小.结合直接大红4BE的循环伏安图,以及不同实验条件下PW12光催化直接大红4BE的UV-vis光谱图,进行的机理探讨结果表明,实验条件下,直接大红4BE的PW12光催化脱色过程是?OH氧化, PW12*–直接大红4BE复合物内的电子转移,以及杂多蓝PW12(e-)还原共同作用的结果,其中×OH氧化脱色起主导地位.     

不同浓度铵态氮对苦草的生理影响

研究了苦草在不同浓度(0.02,0.05,0.10,0.30,0.60,1.00,3.00mg/L)铵态氮中暴露14d后,其生物量的变化、叶片游离氨基酸态氮、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量以及O2-×信号强度、抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的响应.结果表明,各浓度组苦草的生物量无显著变化,但是各生理指标变化显著.当铵态氮浓度为0.30mg/L时,苦草叶片中游离氨基酸态氮的含量即开始显著升高.当铵态氮浓度达到0.60mg/L时,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著升高,表明苦草诱导产生氧化应激但未受到氧化损伤.当铵态氮浓度高于1.00mg/L时,SOD和过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著升高,O2-×信号强度显著增强,叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量显著降低.当铵态氮浓度为0.02mg/L时,O2-×信号强度显著增强.综上,铵态氮浓度低于0.60mg/L苦草生长良好,浓度31.00mg/L苦草光合能力受到抑制、代谢受到干扰.苦草对铵态氮最敏感的生理生化指标是叶片中游离氨基酸态氮含量.铵态氮作为沉水植物的一种营养物质,当其含量较低时,植物由于营养缺乏诱导产生自由基.     

Organophosphorous compounds and oxidative stress: a review

Organophosphorous compounds (OP) have largely been used as pesticides globally. These chemicals induce oxidative stress as a possible mechanism of action, which has been a focus of toxicological research for the last decade. This review evaluated the presence of oxidative stress, balance between total antioxidant capacity, and oxygen free radicals associated with OP compound exposure. Oxidative stress induced by OP leads to disturbances in function of different organs and tissues. Evidence indicates that stimulation of free radical production, induction of lipid peroxidation, and disturbance of the total antioxidant capacity are mechanisms of toxicity induced by most OP. Thus, use of antioxidants may be beneficial in treatment of OP poisoning, which remains to be elucidated with further clinical trials.     

The Dechlorination of H6CDD,OCDD and OCDF on an Alumina support: Elucidation of the isomer pattern by multi linear regression and thermodynamic data

The dechlorination of OCDD, OCDF and 1,2,3,4,7,8‐H₆CDD is studies on an alumina support impregnated with activated carbon, copper chloride and potassium chloride. There is a high correlation between the isomer pattern found after dechlorination and molecular structure properties. We also found a substantial correlation between the isomer pattern and the Gibbs free energy of formation of the individual isomers. This suggests a thermodynamically controlled process.     

卡马西平片致严重药疹2例

2例男性患者（年龄35、33岁）,分别因面神经性麻木、睡眠型癫痫给予卡马西平片对症治疗,服药后均出现了严重药疹.例1服药后出现口腔大面积溃疡伴脓血分泌物,眼结膜稍红,无渗出,躯干及四肢可见多形性红色斑疹;例2服药后出现面颈部及躯干四肢弥漫的紫红色斑疹,面颈部有不规则松弛性水疱,表皮松弛,眼角、口唇、口腔糜烂,伴有肝功能、胰腺受损.均予以停用卡马西平片,予甲强龙、左西替利嗪抗过敏等对症治疗后药疹症状好转.参5.     

水热法制备PbMoO4微晶体及其光催化降解灭幼脲

以水热法合成的PbMoO4微晶体为催化剂,考察了反应溶液pH、污染物初始浓度和催化剂用量对光催化降解灭幼脲的影响,研究了光催化降解过程的反应动力学和作用机理.结果表明,最佳反应溶液pH 6.0、污染物初始浓度20 mg.L-1、催化剂用量0.4 g.L-1.反应4 h灭幼脲降解率达99.96%,矿化率达66.4%,降解反应符合一级动力学.通过加入自由基清除剂对比实验发现,PbMoO4微晶体主要通过空穴和.OH的氧化作用使灭幼脲降解,其中空穴起主要作用.     

类芬顿试剂吸收去除气态元素汞

实验初步研究了类芬顿试剂为吸收剂对气态元素汞的脱除性能,考察了铁盐种类、pH、初始汞浓度、反应温度、卤素离子、甲酸添加量等因素对类芬顿试剂脱除气态元素汞性能的影响.结果表明,在pH 3.5条件下,以氯化铁为催化剂时,气态元素汞的脱除效率为76.4%;添加250μg.mL-1Cl-、150μg.mL-1Br-或5.0μg.mL-1甲酸均可以显著提高类芬顿反应体系对气态元素汞的脱除效果,最高脱除效率可达95%以上.     

厌氧污泥释放磷的规律及鸟粪石法回收磷的应用研究

城市污水处理厂进行脱氮除磷工艺时,大量的磷从水体转入活性污泥中,如不能回收这部分磷,将造成磷的大量流失,这与磷矿稀缺的现状形成矛盾。通过建立污泥停留时间5 d和10 d的两个厌氧反应系统,对污泥中磷的释放规律进行研究,并采用鸟粪石法对上清液中的磷进行回收。研究结果表明,厌氧污泥上清液中的磷含量高达150 mg.L-1,SRT为5 d和10 d的系统,分别在4 d和2 d后磷的质量浓度由14 mg.L-1上升到100 mg.L-1,且基本上都以正磷酸盐的形式存在。将pH从8.3上升到9.0,磷的回收率可以从60%提升到90%,当pH达到8.8时,磷的回收率即可超过80%,表现出了较好的磷回收效果。研究还发现镁离子和磷酸根的摩尔比对磷的回收率的影响较小,在pH=8.8时,将镁磷比从1.43提升到1.83,磷的回收率仅从79.2%提升到85.5%;在pH=9.0时提高镁磷比对磷的回收基本没有影响。     

Characterization of chlorine dioxide as disinfectant for the removal of low concentration microcystins

Microcystins, which represents one kind of cancerogenic organic compounds, is abundant in eutrophication water. The effects of reaction factors on chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) for removal of low-concentration Microcystin-LR, Microcystin-RR, and Microcystin-YR in water as well as the reaction mechanisms was investigated by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR could be efficiently decomposed by ClO₂. The degradation efficiency was shown positively correlated to the concentration of ClO₂ and reaction time; while the effect of reaction temperature and pH is slight. The kinetic constants and activation energies of the reaction of MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR with ClO₂ are determined as 459.89, 583.15, 488.43 L·(mol·min)^-1 and 64.78, 53.01, 59.15 kJ·mol^-1, respectively. As indicated by high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS) analysis, degradation should be accomplished via destruction of Adda group by oxidation, with the formation of dihydroxy substituendums as end products. This study has provided a fundamental demonstration of ClO₂ serving as oxidizing disinfectant to eliminate microcystins from raw water source.     

Kinetics of oxidation of dimethyl trisulfide by potassium permanganate in drinking water

Metabolites of algae such as geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol etc. are reported to induce pungent odors into drinking water and attract additional scientific attention. Recently, in China, taste and odor outbreaks in drinking water supply have become increasingly common. In source water affected by eutrophication, dimethyl trisulfide, speculated to be produced by decayed algae, was found to be the source of taste and odor issues and can be removed effectively by usual oxidation agents. In this experimental study, batch scale tests were carried out focusing on the removal of dimethyl trisulfide. Reaction kinetics of dimethyl trisulfide oxidized by potassium permanganate in water had been studied; influence factors such as pH, organic substrate, other existed taste, and odor contaminant in equivalent concentration were also discussed. Results showed that dimethyl trisulfide can be removed by potassium permanganate efficiently; the ratio can reach more than 70% with oxidant dosage of 4 mg·L^-1 and contact time prolonged to 120 min. The dimethyl trisulfide decomposition followed a second-order kinetics pattern with a rate constant k = 0.00213 L·(min·mg)^-1. Typically, the degradation rate of dimethyl trisulfide was increased with the increasing KMnO₄ dosage, but dramatically dropped with the increasing levels of humic acid (1.8–4.5 mg·L^-1) and other odor-causing compounds (e.g. β-cyclocitral, 0–1886.0 μg·L^-1). Solution pH (5.2–9.0) and initial dimethyl trisulfide concentration did not significantly affected the degradation. This study demonstrates that KMnO₄ oxidation is an effective option to remove dimethyl trisulfide from water.