Metal accumulation in sediment,water, and freshwater fish in a Dam Lake

Metal concentrations were determined in water, sediment, and freshwater fish samples (Squalus cephalus, Barbus esocinus, and Barbus xanthopterus) collected from Karakaya Dam Lake, Turkey, to estimate the risk of human consumption and pollution. Metal concentrations differed between the species (p??Zn?=?Cu in water and Fe?>?Zn?>?Mn?>?Ni?>?Cu in sediment. In general, the accumulation order of elements in the tissues all of the species sampled were found as Fe?>?Zn?>?Se?>?Mn?>?Cu?>?Ni?>?Cd in muscle, Zn?>?Fe?>?Mn?>?Se?>?Cu?>?Ni?>?Cd in gills, Fe?>?Zn?>?Se?>?Mn?>?Cu?>?Ni?>?Cd in liver and gonad, and Zn?>?Fe?>?Cu?>?Mn?>?Se?>?Ni?>?Cd in kidney. It was concluded that the fish from the dam lake are not heavily burdened with metals, but they should be controlled periodically to avoid excessive intake of trace metals by humans, and to monitoring the pollution of aquatic environment.     

Cd,Pb, and Cu in water and sediments and their bioaccumulation in freshwater fish of some lakes in Hanoi,Vietnam

The seasonal variations of Cd, Pb, and Cu in the water, sediments, and freshwater fish (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Cirrhinus molitorella, and Oreochromis mossambicus) of four lakes in Hanoi, Vietnam, were investigated. Samples for analysis were taken four times from April 2010 to March 2011. The levels in water were lower than the Vietnamese standards, except for Pb, but they were all much higher than the Canadian standards for protection of aquatic life; in the sediments, they were higher than world average levels. Bioaccumulation of the three metals in fish was site-dependent and species-dependent, but correlations of their levels in fish to those in water and sediments were weak. Levels of Pb in fish exceeded those of the UK and the WHO standards, and the recommended values of Vietnam for human consumption. Overall, the results show that the lakes are polluted with these metals, and consumption of high quantities of fish from them may be problematic. The outcome of this research helps to establish background data for future monitoring.     

淡水水体中氮污染源的识别——利用硝酸根中氮和氧同位素组成

氮营养盐污染在全球很多区域都是一个备受关注的环境问题,尤其是以农业为主的区域和人口密集的区域,因此,关于水体中氮污染源识别技术尤为重要.硝酸根离子中的氮、氧同位素组成在过去的十几年中频繁地应用于识别淡水水体中氮污染源的研究中.本文总结了已知氮污染源中氮、氧同位素组成的特征变化区间,阐述了影响氮、氧同位素组成的主要因素,描述了3种氮、氧同位素组成主流的测试方法,展望了未来定量测算各种氮污染源贡献比例的前景.在实际研究中,还将氮、氧同位素组成和水体化学特征结合,则可以有效地识别淡水水体的氮污染源.随着检测精度的不断提高,各种代表性端元污染物同位素值经验区间也变得更加准确.     

淡水沼泽湿地泥炭沉积中氮素分布特征

采用冬季采样,现场分层的方法,系统地研究了我国面积最大的淡水沼泽湿地--三江平原沼泽湿地中河床-河漫滩型泥炭地和谷底洼地型泥炭沉积中TN、NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N的分布特征.结果表明,在不同沉积层中,NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N明显富集于Aso层,TN在Hil层含量最高.TN含量随着泥炭粒级的减小而明显增加,NH₄⁺-N主要分布在粒级0.149～0.074mm的泥炭机械组分中,NO₃^--N主要分布在粒级0.03～0.149mm的泥炭机械组分中.     

流域水生态系统健康与生态文明建设

健康的流域水生态系统是保障流域经济社会可持续发展的基础,解决我国严峻的流域水生态系统健康问题迫切需要开展以流域为基本单元的生态文明建设. 针对我国流域水生态系统健康现状,确立了流域生态文明的概念和内涵,提出了流域生态文明建设的基本框架和主要任务. 以保障流域自然生态系统的完整性、流域经济社会系统发展的可持续性、人居环境的生态性为内涵,构建流域水生态-经济社会复合生态系统的动态平衡是流域生态文明建设的基本框架. 流域生态文明建设的主要任务:①构建以水生态系统健康为目标的流域分区管理模式,优化国土空间开发;②健全流域的水环境质量基准和标准体系,科学确定生态系统保护阈值;③建立以流域生态承载力为约束的污染物总量控制技术,优化产业结构与布局;④以保障流域环境流量为前提,实现水资源生态利用;⑤加强人居环境生态建设,实现流域城市生态化发展;⑥加强生态制度建设,构建流域生态文明建设长效机制.该研究成果可以为实现流域人与自然和谐发展提供理论指导.      

渔业养殖区溶解性有机质的来源、组成及其对汞甲基化的影响

溶解性有机质（DOM）对水生环境中汞的赋存形态及转化过程具有极其重要的影响.但从更加微观的角度,如DOM的组成部分及其官能团特征等,却缺乏相关研究以阐明DOM影响汞形态转化的机制.为探究渔业养殖区来源于不同有机物（如残饵、鱼粪和底泥）的DOM各亚组分对水体中汞甲基化的影响,应用多级树脂联用技术,将渔业养殖区不同来源的DOM分离出6种亚组分,利用室内培养方式进行Hg²⁺的甲基化试验.傅里叶红外光谱分析结果表明,DOM中含有各种不同的官能团.亲水性组分主要包含羟基、羧基等极性较强的官能团;疏水性组分则包含一些无极性或者弱极性官能团如甲基、亚甲基和酚羟基等.疏水性亚组分是DOM的主要组成成分,其中又以疏水性碱性物质（HOB）为最,在有机物腐解过程中一直占有最大的比重.总体而言,疏水性有机组分对汞甲基化的促进作用显著高于亲水性有机组分;这主要是因为亲水性有机组分含有大量的羧基、羟基等官能团,可以更好地与活性Hg²⁺结合,降低甲基化反应的底物浓度,从而抑制甲基化发生.而疏水性组分对汞亲和性较弱,而且所含酚羟基以及还原性含硫基团等都可作为电子供体,从而促进汞甲基化的发生.从总体来说,在有机质腐解过程中,各种非同源有机质所形成的HOB对汞甲基化的促进作用不断增强.     

Investigation of metallothionein level,reduced GSH level,MDA level,and metal content in two different tissues of freshwater mussels from Atatürk Dam Lake coast,Turkey

Atatürk Dam Lake is one of the important freshwater ecosystems in the world in terms of the size of the surface area and the biodiversity. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of metal pollution in the Atatürk Dam Lake on some biochemical markers in the gills and digestive glands of mussels (Unio mancus). Mussel samples were collected in July-2018 from four stations. The metal residues (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Ni) in the tissues were determined by ICP-MS. The MT, reduced GSH, and MDA levels were analysed using the proposed spectrophotometric methods. According to the results, toxic metals such as Cd and Pb in both tissues were determined mostly in mussels collected from St1. The highest MT and MDA levels in the gills were determined in St3 and St2 respectively, while the highest MT and MDA levels in the digestive glands were determined in St1. Although there was no significant difference in the reduced GSH level in the gills among the stations, the highest reduced GSH level in the digestive glands was determined in St4. These results indicated that mussels are appropriate sentinel organisms for metal contamination with effects on oxidative stress and metal exposure biomarkers.     

Economic Development,Income Inequality and Environmental Degradation of Fisheries Resources in Mauritius

This article examines how environmental degradation of fisheries resources in the context of Mauritius is linked up with human investment in education, economic growth, and income inequality. Empirical evidence shows that public-sector investment in education promotes economic growth, but at the expense of greater inequality of income. Among the vulnerable groups affected by this type of development process lies the fisherman community. In fact, children of poor families in coastal Mauritius have constrained access to complete school education because of the persistently high opportunity cost involved. Hence, this community is caught up in a vicious circle, as its children or grandchildren would barely be redeployed elsewhere other than in the fisheries sector itself. Such exclusion might account for the overexploitation of marine resources of the island and the accompanying reduction in fish catch over recent years.*(Paper presented at the Third Research and Training Workshop of the Resource Accounting Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (RANESA), University of Pretoria (Funded by SIDA, Sweden), held in Mauritius, Nov 2000. I am grateful to the participants for their helpful suggestions. Needless to say, the usual disclaimer applies). Published online     

Reflections in a Stock Pond: Are Anthropogenically Derived Freshwater Ecosystems Natural, Artificial, or Something Else?

“A skyscraper is as natural as a bird’s nest” –Alan Watts For millennia, people have altered freshwater ecosystems directly through water development and indirectly by global change and surrounding land-use activities. In these altered ecosystems, human impacts can be subtle and are sometimes overlooked by the people who manage them. This article provides two case studies near Boulder, Colorado that demonstrate how perceptions regarding these ecosystems affect their management. These examples are typical of lakes and streams along the Front Range of Colorado that are simultaneously natural and social in origin. Although natural, many of the region’s freshwater ecosystems are affected by ongoing ecologic, hydrologic, chemical, and geomorphic modifications produced by human activity. People and nature are both active participants in the production of these freshwater ecosystems. The concept of “hybridity,” borrowed from geographers and social scientists, is useful for describing landscapes of natural and social origin. Hybrid freshwater ecosystems are features of the humanized landscape and are derived from deliberate cultural activities, nonhuman physical and biological processes, and incidental anthropogenic disturbance. Our perceptions of “natural” freshwater ecosystems and what definitions we use to describe them influences our view of hybrid systems and, in turn, affects management decisions regarding them. This work stresses the importance of understanding the underlying societal forces and cultural values responsible for the creation of hybrid freshwater ecosystems as a central step in their conservation and management.     

大连市渔业生态系统能值分析

将能值分析方法引入渔业生态系统的可持续发展研究中,对处于结构调整期的大连市渔业系统进行了定量分析和评价。结果表明,2005年大连市渔业生态系统能值投入率为1.23,净能值产出率为1.57,环境负载率为1.65,环境压力相对较小,渔业生态系统运行状况良好。2001~2005年间,大连渔业系统的环境负载率呈下降趋势,可持续发展指数保持在1.00左右,在保证产量和产值增长的同时有效的降低了环境负荷。大连市应继续推进渔业结构和布局调整,加大高科技含量能值的投入,同时注重自身优势资源的高效利用,促进渔业生态系统的可持续发展。