One way to reduce the NOX Emission of biodiesels: The increase of cetane number

Compared to conventional diesel fuels, biodiesels normally have lower smoke and particulate matter, while higher nitrogen oxides (NO_X) emissions. In our study, an attempt was made to reduce the NO_X emissions of biodiesels by increasing the cetane numbers (CNs). Three kinds of biodiesels with extremely high CNs (70.1, 76.9, 80.9, respectively) were developed. Their main physical and chemical properties were tested. With a two-cylinder direct injection diesel engine, their emission performances were experimentally investigated. The results indicate that, CN, freezing point, as well as viscosity of biodiesels are linearly increased with the increase of carbon number. The NO_X emission for biodiesels with high CNs is lower than that of conventional diesel fuels. High CN promotes smoke formation as well while lower smoke emissions are still obtained for biodiesels when certain oxygen contents are present. That is, the smoke/NO_X tradeoff is broken. Besides, as fuel CN is elevated, NO_X for biodiesels decreases but smoke and carbon monoxide emissions are increased.     

Fluid bed gasification – Plasma converter process generating energy from solid waste: Experimental assessment of sulphur species

Often perceived as a Cinderella material, there is growing appreciation for solid waste as a renewable content thermal process feed. Nonetheless, research on solid waste gasification and sulphur mechanisms in particular is lacking. This paper presents results from two related experiments on a novel two stage gasification process, at demonstration scale, using a sulphur-enriched wood pellet feed.Notable SO₂ and relatively low COS levels (before gas cleaning) were interesting features of the trials, and not normally expected under reducing gasification conditions. Analysis suggests that localised oxygen rich regions within the fluid bed played a role in SO₂’s generation. The response of COS to sulphur in the feed was quite prompt, whereas SO₂ was more delayed. It is proposed that the bed material sequestered sulphur from the feed, later aiding SO₂ generation. The more reducing gas phase regions above the bed would have facilitated COS – hence its faster response. These results provide a useful insight, with further analysis on a suite of performed experiments underway, along with thermodynamic modelling.     

燃料乙醇行业环境污染控制评价指标体系的构建

在分析我国燃料乙醇行业基本信息的基础上,根据其原料特性、生产规模、生产技术、污染控制措施、环境管理等方面的特点,筛选出合适的指标,构建多层次燃料乙醇行业环境污染控制评价指标体系。运用层次分析法确定指标权重分值,建立燃料乙醇行业环境污染控制评价模型,并选取国内燃料乙醇典型企业进行调研,结合行业现状对该指标体系做出合理性和可行性分析。     

湿地环境累积效应研究进展

环境累积效应是当一项活动与过去、现在以及可合理预见的未来的活动结合在一起时,对环境所产生的增加影响,各种活动的单独影响不大,但综合起来的影响却很大。人类的开发活动是产生湿地环境累积影响的主要根源,湿地环境累积效应的研究内容主要包括生物富集效应、土壤累积效应、水质效应等。由于研究的尺度的不同以及研究内容的差异,累积效应的研究还没有一个被广为接受的方法,目前大部分学者主要采用交互矩阵法、网络法、专家判断法、系统流图法、情景分析法、地理信息系统、模糊系统分析方法、环境数学模型等方法进行分析。最后,总结湿地累积效应研究的方向为:在方法上,运用多种方法相结合是未来研究累积效应的主要手段;在内容上,生物富集、富营养化及土壤的累积效应将是今后研究的重点方向。     

降解SO_2功能菌的16S rRAN基因测序及降解特性

用低浓度SO2诱导驯化方法获得高效脱硫菌群,并用分离培养与16S rRNA基因测序技术相结合的方法鉴定菌群种属,分析驯化过程中种群结构的动态变化,同时研究分离纯菌种的脱硫性能。结果表明,从诱导驯化7 d和14 d菌液中分别分离出23株菌和22株菌,16S rRNA序列分析发现这些菌归属于13个种,其中有6个种（Rhodococcus erythropolis、Pseudomonas putida、Microbacterium oxydans、Sphingomonas koreensis、Acinetobacter junii、Acinetobacter johnsonii）对SO2-3有较强的降解能力,并在持续驯化过程中稳定的生长传代,降解产物以硫酸根为主,还有极少量的单质硫。与含混合菌的驯化菌液降解SO2-3的能力相比,单一脱硫菌的脱硫性能较弱。脱硫功能菌株及其基本特性的研究为微生物处理SO2烟气提供了丰富的菌源信息和理论基础。     

硫/石灰石自养反硝化处理低碳高氮城市污水的工艺

利用水泥+沙子的胶凝骨架材料作为生物反应器填料骨架,通过胶凝粘附1∶1配比的硫粉和石灰石粉的方法制备自养反硝化填料,在自行设计的自制硫/石灰石填料自养反硝化系统中,考察了该工艺对以低C/N为特性且含低氨氮高总氮的城市污水处理厂二级处理出水的脱氮性能,并优化了主要工艺参数。结果表明,在进水总氮为40.92 mg/L,COD为38.92 mg/L,C∶TN∶NH+4-N=8.6∶9∶1的条件下,系统最优水力停留时间为3.2 h,系统最优初始pH值为7,最适反硝化温度为32.8℃,TN去除率为90%~92%。比传统按1∶1体积比例投加硫磺与石灰的反应器在处理时间方面缩短60%以上,去除效率也大有提高。     

空速和二氧化碳对沼气脱硫剂硫容确定的影响

为了弄清空速与二氧化碳含量对氧化铁脱硫剂硫容确定的影响,分别在实验气源为纯硫化氢,空速为40、80、120和160 h-1以及实验气源为二氧化碳含量分别在0%、20%、40%和80%,其余为硫化氢,空速为80 h-1条件下,对T502(粗脱硫剂)和HXT-2(精脱硫剂)2种氧化铁脱硫剂进行了不同测试条件对氧化铁硫容确定影响的研究。研究结果表明,T502和HXT-2氧化铁脱硫剂硫容测试结果随着空速和二氧化碳含量增加而减少,结果显示了在空速较低条件下(120h-1),二氧化碳含量在40%以下时对氧化铁脱硫剂硫容测试结果影响不大,但二氧化碳含量在40%以上时,对氧化铁脱硫剂硫容测试结果影响显著。     

Fuel from waste tyres and particulate matter emitted from the process

The interest in obtaining alternative fuels from waste sources and at the same time diminishing the impact of waste disposal has drawn attention to scrap tyres' carbon recovery. In order to thermally degrade used tyre rubber, a laboratory pyrolysis system was developed in this work. The installation devised focused on the production of liquid pyrolysates, where shredded rubber was supplied as the feedstock and nitrogen used as the carrier gas to provide an oxygen-free atmosphere. The variables affecting the performance of the process were investigated, including target temperature, heating rate and total residence time. Characterization of the volatile matter released was conducted by means of mass spectrometry to determine the composition of products, and particulate matter analysis to ascertain the aerosol content in the gas stream. The reproducibility of experiments, the influence of the temperature and time, and differences between the vapours before condensation and the exhaust gases are discussed. This work identified that the larger hydrocarbon fragments condense to constitute the oils, whereas the lighter molecules remain as non-condensable gases. This work also identified that the total number of nano-scale particles carried by the exhaust stream varies with temperature; significant changes in the composition of products and particle content were reported at approximately 400°C. The high number of nano-scale solid particulate matter present in the exhaust gases suggests that a thorough treatment for that stream would be required to avoid human health hazards.     

共基质下微生物燃料电池同步脱色甲基橙与产电性能

采用双室方形微生物燃料电池(MFC),以葡萄糖作为共基质,研究了共基质浓度对典型偶氮染料甲基橙在MFC阳极室中脱色效率及同步产电的影响。结果表明,在0~1.5 g/L浓度范围内,共基质浓度越大,甲基橙脱色率、COD去除率和最大输出电压越高。在共基质浓度为1.5 g/L,进水甲基橙为300 mg/L的条件下,8 h的脱色率高达95%,且在1 000Ω外电阻下,最大输出电压达到662 m V;在无共基质条件下,8 h内对300 mg/L甲基橙的脱色率仅为7.5%,最大输出电压仅达到140 m V。厌氧对照实验表明,甲基橙在MFC中可以实现加速脱色,反应8 h后甲基橙在MFC中的脱色率提高了57%。该研究为开发新型MFC降解偶氮染料废水技术提供了理论依据。     

生物质直接燃烧发电技术的探索

介绍了生物质直接燃烧发电技术原理及其设备的工作过程,着重讨论了生物质锅炉燃烧过程中的燃料收集和存储、送料堵塞以及受热面结焦等问题,并提出了优化运行和提高锅炉效率的改进措施。