中国森林火灾研究综述

概述了中国森林火灾方面的研究成果,包括森林火灾的分级和分类、影响因素、研究内容、预报方法等,重点论述了中国森林火灾的研究内容,尤其是中国森林火灾的发生规律及学者们对森林火灾原因的看法。最后提出了防治森林火灾的指导思想。     

Regional reference sites: a method for assessing stream potentials

Field assessments of impacted streams require a control or at least an unbiased estimate of attainable conditions. Control sites, such as upstream/downstream or wilderness sites, have proven inadequate for assessing attainable ecological conditions where the control streams differ naturally from the impacted streams to a considerable degree or where different disturbances exist than those being studied. Relatively undisturbed reference sites with watersheds in areas having the same land-surface form, soil, potential natural vegetation, and land use as are predominant in large, relatively homogeneous regions are suggested as alternative control sites. These areas are considered typical of the region and therefore the sites also are considered typical of the region because their watersheds exhibit all the terrestrial variables that make that region a region. The logical basis for developing regional reference sites lies in the ability to group watersheds and common stream types into regions by integrating available maps of terrestrial variables that influence streams. Relatively undisturbed reference sites can be selected from typical areas of the regions and from transition zones where one or two of the terrestrial variables are not the predominant one(s) of the region. These reference sites are useful for estimating attainable conditions, for evaluating temporal and spatial changes in ecological integrity, for classifying attainable uses of streams, and for setting biological and environmental criteria.     

A MATRIX AND ACCOMPANYING CLASSIFICATIONS FOR IDENTIFYING WATER RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND NEEDS1

ABSTRACT: A matrix was developed of problems with the functional use of water resources (rows) and functions served by water resources research (columns). A classification of water problems and a classification of research fields also were developed to accompany the matrix. The matrix and classification schemes were used when preparing the five-year research and development plan of the Water Resources Center of The Ohio State University. They were used: (1) to classify each research project that had been supported by the Water Resources Center from 1965 through 1980, (2) to guide interviews with personnel of federal and state agencies and university faculty who assisted in defining Ohio's water research needs, (3) to organize responses received during these interviews, and (4) to arrive at a selected list of ten problems with the functional use of Ohio's water resources that were prioritized based upon opinions received from water-related officials throughout the state. Other matrices and classification schemes are reviewed that were revised and expanded upon when formulating the ones used in Ohio. Suggestions are given regarding further development of the functional matrix and accompanying classifications as well as their use in administration of the cooperative federal-state water resources research program and other federal water resources research programs.     

Water Resources Research Prioritization and Management-Problems and Perspectives1

ABSTRACT: At a time when productive water resources research is essential to protecting the quality of and wisely using our limited water resources, pervasive trends toward consumerism, fiscal restraint, centralized management, and using research for other social objectives threaten research productivity. The research prioritization and management structure that these trends have created was examined in the microcosm of its application at the Utah Water Research Laboratory. The result indicated that ephemeral prioritization and the failure of research users to target researchers to their own particular needs is diluting productivity. Incremental research prioritization and greater use of advisory councils in facilitating user-researcher interaction are suggested as corrective approaches, but the only firm conclusion at this point in time must be that empirical studies of the performance of alternatives in research management structure are solely needed.     

Recreation and river type: Social-environmental relationships

Recreation use was studied on a diverse state river system to test the hypothesis that recreation use patterns vary systematically by river type. River segments were classified into representative river types through application of a two-fold classification system. The first classification factor, generalized geomorphology, defines and groups the dominant resource bases of which rivers are comprised. The second classification factor, cultural setting, defines the land use and settlement patterns in which each river type is found. Significant differences were found among resulting river types with respect to the nature and intensity of recreation activity, desired use density, and user perceived problems and conflicts. Management recommendations were developed, based on study findings, for each river type. It is concluded that when both environmental attributes and cultural setting are taken into account, regularities appear with respect to the way in which river resources are used and perceived by recreationists. Further exploration and expansion of such recreation-resource relationships to other activities and environments may hold substantial implications for the allocation and management of outdoor recreation resources.     

流域农村生活垃圾收运、处理模式探析研究——以巢湖流域为例

流域农村生活垃圾产量大,无害化处理水平低,已成为威胁流域水环境安全的重要因素.以巢湖流域为例,构建了农村生活垃圾收运、处理模式.从技术、经济、环境三方面分析,得出结论：农村“桶装车载直运模式”和“垃圾综合处理模式”可以充分利用现有垃圾处理设施,经村庄收集、乡镇转运,最终实现垃圾减量化、资源化、无害化.     

环境意识影响因素对大学生垃圾分类行为的研究

利用正交设计对环境意识影响大学生垃圾分类行为的结果进行分析,了解适应性、攀比心理、宣传、学校强制性要求等因素对垃圾分类的影响程度,结合方差分析法对结果进行综合评价,为高校促进大学生进行垃圾分类提供理论依据.分析表明,不同影响因素对男、女生的影响程度不同.其中,强制性因素对女生影响比较大,而攀比心理对男生影响比较大.因此,建议高校对女生采取监督管制的手段提高其环境表现,对男生采取公开垃圾分类结果的方法促进其进行垃圾分类.     

垃圾分类处置典型案例分析及新思路研究

中国固体废弃物的回收、处理、利用形势不容乐观.结合当前形势,参考国内外垃圾分类的成功案例,对比分析中日的垃圾分类现状和数据,认为中国垃圾分类应从以下两条新思路改进,一是从处理方式上改进回收方式;二是结合具体情况以及人群,考虑垃圾分类的方法.最后分析了新思路下,垃圾回收的环境和经济效益.并提出通过大数据、物联网对垃圾回收全过程的监控,管理的展望.     

城市人居环境宜居性评价研究——以临沂市为例

论文首先建立了城市人居环境宜居性评价指标体系,体系包括自然环境和社会经济环境两个子系统,继而下面又分了8个评价因子和38个评价指标。另外根据目前我国的环境质量标准和有关文明城市、生态园林城市建设标准以及相关文献等对指标体系进行了等级划分,即分为5个等级,并制定了评判标准。同时引入BP神经网络模型,以临沂市为例,采用1998～2006年间数据来进行实证研究。该模型可为量化城市人居环境质量之间的差距作参考。     

基于调整机制的环境政策工具分类与发展趋势

综述了国内外学者与机构对于环境政策分类的研究与实践,基于调整机制对中国环境政策工具进行分类。在分析不同类型政策工具特点的基础上建立环境政策工具类别框架并指出今后环境政策工具的发展趋势是通过工具组合实现工具创新,建立混合型政策工具以应对复杂的环境形势。