除尘管道磨损与防磨措施

讲述了除尘管道磨损的危害,对磨损的形成机理及其影响因素进行了分析,提出了防止磨损的技术措施,提供了一种新型结构的防磨弯头.     

毛细管气相色谱法测定室内环境空气中TVOC浓度的研究

本文研究了影响气相色谱法测定室内空气中TVOC(总挥发性有机化合物)浓度的主要因素。采样过程中如流量达不到0 . 5L min ,可通过延长采样时间使最终采样体积达到10L ;采样前延长通风时间使室内外空气充分对流,有利于室内残留污染物质的扩散,能反映重新封闭后有机挥发物1h时段内释放的实际浓度。TVOC各组分的热解吸率与该组分的分子量和极性有关;热解吸率随解吸时间的延长而降低,操作中以1～3min比较合适。将初始柱温从5 0℃提高到70℃,不设停留时间,终止温度从2 5 0℃降为2 30℃,可以将样品分析时间由5 5min缩短到32min而对分析结果几乎没有影响。     

大型城市客车加速模拟工况排放特性的实验研究

通过对258辆大型城市客车进行加速模拟工况排放测试,研究了城市客车的排放特性,比较了压缩天然气(CNG)车辆与汽油车辆的排放特性,分析了车辆车龄与排放的关系、发动机燃油供给方式与排放的关系,以及车辆总质量与排放的关系。研究结果表明：燃用CNG的车辆其CO、NOx排放较汽油低许多,尤其是CO,但HC排放较汽油高;电喷车辆的CO、NOx排放比化油器车低,但HC排放值高于化油器车;车龄增长,车辆的CO、NOx排放值增大,但HC变化不明显;车辆总质量增加,排放呈下降趋势。     

Assessment of toxic metals in waste personal computers

Considering the enormous production of waste personal computers nowadays, it is obvious that the study of their composition is necessary in order to regulate their management and prevent any environmental contamination caused by their inappropriate disposal. This study aimed at determining the toxic metals content of motherboards (printed circuit boards), monitor glass and monitor plastic housing of two Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) monitors, three Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) monitors, one LCD touch screen monitor and six motherboards, all of which were discarded. In addition, concentrations of chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) were compared with the respective limits set by the RoHS 2002/95/EC Directive, that was recently renewed by the 2012/19/EU recast, in order to verify manufacturers’ compliance with the regulation. The research included disassembly, pulverization, digestion and chemical analyses of all the aforementioned devices. The toxic metals content of all samples was determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results demonstrated that concentrations of Pb in motherboards and funnel glass of devices with release dates before 2006, that is when the RoHS Directive came into force, exceeded the permissible limit. In general, except from Pb, higher metal concentrations were detected in motherboards in comparison with plastic housing and glass samples. Finally, the results of this work were encouraging, since concentrations of metals referred in the RoHS Directive were found in lower levels than the legislative limits.     

城区内涝条件下城市公交-地铁双层交通网络的脆弱性分析

为提高城市公共交通应对内涝的能力,利用复杂网络理论的Space-L方法构建了武汉市中心城区的地铁、公交无向加权网络,并在此基础上运用ArcGIS软件构建了不同耦合半径的公交-地铁双层交通网络,确定了连边的权重和节点的重要度,计算了静态下地铁网络、公交网络和不同耦合半径的公交-地铁双层交通网络的介数、平均路径长度和聚类系数等复杂网络特性指标;针对内涝导致的单一站点失效和多站点失效情况,以最大联通子图比例、网络连通率和网络效率为指标进行了故障模拟,分析了节点故障与连边故障对城市公交-地铁双层交通网络脆弱性的影响。结果表明:城市公交-地铁双层交通网络的最大联通子图比例、网络连通率和网络效率3项指标在攻击下的下降程度和下降速率都低于单一地铁网络和公交网络,城市公交-地铁双层交通网络的抗毁性能高于单一交通网络;对比节点故障与连边故障发现,节点故障下网络的脆弱性更大。     

柴油加氢装置关键换热器管束腐蚀机理研究

目的明确兰州石化柴油加氢装置某换热器管束(主要材质为15Cr Mo钢和321不锈钢)的腐蚀失效原因。方法采用高温高压釜试验和模拟铵盐结晶试验研究15Cr Mo钢和321不锈钢在服役介质中的腐蚀机理。结果 15Cr Mo钢的腐蚀失效形式表现为铵盐结晶下的快速均匀腐蚀和其他部位的点蚀;而321不锈钢的腐蚀失效形式则相反,主要表现为铵盐结晶下的点蚀。结论为避免铵盐结晶引起的腐蚀穿孔,建议提高换热器出口温度到230℃以上,将换热器出口的注水工艺改为注中和缓蚀剂,在加氢反应器出口增设脱氯罐。     

基于DOC+CDPF技术的公交车燃用生物柴油气态物道路排放特性

基于OBS-2200车载排放检测系统,试验研究并分析了催化型连续再生颗粒捕集器(DOC+CDPF)及生物柴油混合燃料B20(生物柴油体积占比20%)对国Ⅲ柴油公交车瞬态工况和稳态工况下气态物道路排放特性的影响.结果表明相较于B0(纯柴油),B20的一氧化碳(CO)、总碳氢化合物(THC)平均排放率偏低,其中,稳态工况下降幅分别为26.43%、10.44%,瞬态工况下降幅分别为22.78%、4.95%;二氧化碳(CO_2)和氮氧化物(NO_x)平均排放率偏高,其中,稳态工况下分别上升8.41%和8.26%,瞬态工况下分别上升7.15%、9.13%.相较于B0,DOC+CDPF对B20的CO和THC净化效果更为显著,其中,稳态工况下降幅分别达60.58%和79.92%,瞬态工况下,降幅分别达63.67%和82.57%.DOC+CDPF使用后,CO_2和NO_x的排放率略微下降.     

Global disposal strategies for waste cathode ray tubes

The collection and management of waste electrical and electronic appliances around the world, and the possible negative environmental consequences have been an issue of current debate. Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) used as display screen for computer monitors and televisions contains large quantities of lead, estimated at between 0.5 and 4 kg, depending on the size of the CRT and has been identified as the most polluting of all electronic waste components. Having failed the tests used in the toxicity characterization of solid wastes, CRTs have been declared ‘hazardous’ and subsequently banned from landfills and incinerators in most developed countries. Presently, large quantities of CRTs are generated globally with only few developed countries having effective take back and sound management program. Meanwhile, large quantities of CRT-containing devices are being moved across frontiers into developing countries in the name of ‘reuse’ and ‘bridging the digital divide’. With near absence of recycling infrastructure for electronic wastes in most developing countries, waste CRTs are disposed of with MSW at open dumps and unsanitary landfills. This paper reviews the current practices in the management of CRTs around the world, with emphasis on the role of regulations, availability of recycling infrastructure, recycling/reuse routes, and export into developing countries. Inappropriate disposal of waste CRTs creates the opportunity for large-scale environmental contamination with heavy metals, especially lead. Appropriate disposal routes are required globally in the management of CRTs in order to mitigate environmental contamination and human exposure to toxins.     

快速公交车站站台门系统的设置探讨

介绍了快速公交BRT站台半高安全门的设计基本要求及系统的主要构成、运行模式、技术条件并与地铁半高安全门进行了比较,给出了其设计选型的合理建议.     

综放支承压力峰值位置的理论及回归分析

鉴于综放支承压力峰值位置对工作面安全生产影响的重要性,对支承压力峰值位置的确定进行了研究分析。其中煤体硬度、煤层厚度及工作面推进速度为支承压力峰值位置的主要影响因素。采用相似模拟实验及理论分析方法研究各因素对支承压力峰值位置的影响规律及其函数关系。最后应用回归分析方法得到了支承压力峰值位置确定的经验公式,并将其进行了实际应用。结果表明:上述3个影响因素对支承压力峰值位置的影响均为非线性的;支承压力峰值位置与煤体硬度近似地满足反比关系;支承压力峰值位置与开采煤层厚度、工作面推进速度满足指数函数关系;通过对这3个因素的回归分析,可以确定支承压力的峰值位置。