南京市声环境功能区划分的相关问题探讨

以城市总体规划为指导,对南京市声环境功能区划进行调整。根据相关技术规范,按照宜粗不宜细的原则,对城市和乡村功能区分别进行划分;明确了4类声功能区的距离范围,更加符合噪声传播特性;针对噪声污染特点,对于相关规范未涵盖的内容作了补充规定,使声环境管理更具针对性。区划结果表明,主城区1类区和3类区比例有所减小,2类区比例有所增加,全市范围内1类区比例仍为最高。     

中国区域生态系统生产能力指数变化原因分析

决定中国区域生态系统生产能力指数的影响因子主要有两类:一是下垫面的影响,山区、丘陵的生产能力高于平原区,在具备生产能力的土地生态类型中,林地生产能力最高,耕地次之,草地最低;二是气候因子的影响,季风气候决定了我国生态系统生产能力的空间分布.呈现西北-东南逐级递增的趋势,造成这种空间分布的主要因素是季风气候造成的降水空间分布.同时,温度也在一定程度上影响了我国生态系统的生产能力,尤其是东部地区.降水对生态系统生产能力的影响强度较温度大.     

中国西北地区地表植被覆盖特征的时空变化及影响因子分析

归一化的植被指数(NDVI)自然正交分解结果显示,自上世纪80年代初期至1994年前后,中国西北部区域地表植被覆盖呈增加的过程;1994～2000年,地表植被覆盖状况开始退化,植被退化强度空间分布不匀.TOVS云覆盖数据与地表特征时间变化的一致性,间接证明1994年之后西北部地区植被退化的事实.通过降水和NDVI的相关分析,划分出西北地区地表植被覆盖变化气候影响显著区域、气候与人为影响共同作用显著区域.并从气候和人为影响2个方面分析了造成西北部地区地表植被覆盖状况下降的原因.在降水和NDVI相关显著区域,气候干旱因素是造成1994年后植被覆盖退化的主要原因;而黄河等流域1994年后植被退化的区域,气候干旱和人为活动因素是造成植被覆盖退化的主要因素.     

硫同位素分馏中的生物作用及其环境效应

自然界中硫同位素组成变化范围较大(-65‰~+120‰)。许多环境过程可以引起硫同位素分馏,表生环境下微生物还原硫酸盐是最重要的硫同位素分馏过程。在≤50℃条件下,厌氧细菌使硫酸盐SO42-还原成H2S,后者与金属离子结合形成硫化物或直接从体系中逸出,这种硫循环过程是造成地球各层圈中硫的轻、重同位素变异的最主要原因。但生物成因的硫同位素分馏过程复杂,受诸多因素的限制。本文综述了由生物作用导致的硫同素分馏的发生机理和影响因素,以及生物硫循环所导致的环境效应。     

海洋牧场碳汇资源生态补偿标准

海洋牧场建设是中国扩增海洋碳汇,实现碳中和战略目标的有效途径。碳汇具有明显的外部性,只有确定合理的补偿标准才能调动海洋牧场建设经营者积极性。以海洋牧场中藻类、贝类、鱼类、甲壳及其他类经济性碳汇资源为研究对象,利用最优化模型核算了碳汇资源生态价值的补偿标准。研究结果表明：藻类、贝类、鱼类、甲壳及其他类的生态补偿标准分别为134.94元/t、820.05元/t、782.39元/t、3764.16元/t,补偿标准存在种类间差异性。研究结果可为优化当前海洋牧场生态补偿政策提供理论参考。     

Probability law of concentration in plumes dispersing in an urban area

The relationships between various normalized higher-order concentration moments in plumes dispersing in a built-up (urban) environment have been investigated using a large concentration data set obtained in a boundary-layer water channel. This data set consists of measurements of plume dispersion in a number of idealized obstacle arrays (e.g., cubical and non-cubical obstacles in aligned and staggered arrangements with uniform, random and alternating heights). A remarkably robust feature of all the concentration data was the observed collapse of the third- and fourth-order normalized concentration moments on the second-order normalized concentration moment. The data are shown to collapse to a series of universal curves (independent of the geometry of the obstacle array) and these curves were found to be identical to those observed previously for open-terrain plumes. The results imply that the probability law of concentration in a plume dispersing in either a built-up environment or open terrain has a universal form that can be specified by at most two independent parameters. The universal functions representing the relationships between the normalized concentration moments were found to be well modeled (approximated) using a two-parameter clipped-gamma probability law for the concentration. Finally, the clipped-gamma distribution was found to be in very good conformance with the measured probability distribution of concentration for plumes dispersing in a built-up environment.     

Point patterns of forest fire locations

In this paper I demonstrate some of the techniques for the analysis of spatial point patterns that have become available due to recent developments in point process modelling software. These developments permit convenient exploratory data analysis, model fitting, and model assessment. Efficient model fitting, in particular, makes possible the testing of statistical hypotheses of genuine interest, even when interaction between points is present, via Monte Carlo methods. The discussion of these techniques is conducted jointly with and in the context of some preliminary analyses of a collection of data sets which are of considerable interest in their own right. These data sets (which were kindly provided to me by the New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources) consist of the complete records of wildfires which occurred in New Brunswick during the years 1987 through 2003. In treating these data sets I deal with data-cleaning problems, methods of exploratory data analysis, means of detecting interaction, fitting of statistical models, and residual analysis and diagnostics. In addition to demonstrating modelling techniques, I include a discussion on the nature of statistical models for point patterns. This is given with a view to providing an understanding of why, in particular, the Strauss model fails as a model for interpoint attraction and how it has been modified to overcome this difficulty. All actual modelling of the New Brunswick fire data is done only with the intent of illustrating techniques. No substantive conclusions are or can be drawn at this stage. Realistic modelling of these data sets would require incorporation of covariate information which I do not so far have available.

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING AND HEALTH1

ABSTRACT: We review published analyses of the effects of climate change on goods and services provided by freshwater ecosystems in the United States. Climate-induced changes must be assessed in the context of massive anthropogenic changes in water quantity and quality resulting from altered patterns of land use, water withdrawal, and species invasions; these may dwarf or exacerbate climate-induced changes. Water to meet instream needs is competing with other uses of water, and that competition is likely to be increased by climate change. We review recent predictions of the impacts of climate change on aquatic ecosystems in eight regions of North America. Impacts include warmer temperatures that alter lake mixing regimes and availability of fish habitat; changed magnitude and seasonality of runoff regimes that alter nutrient loading and limit habitat availability at low flow; and loss of prairie pothole wetlands that reduces waterfowl populations. Many of the predicted changes in aquatic ecosystems are a consequence of climatic effects on terrestrial ecosystems; shifts in riparian vegetation and hydrology are particularly critical. We review models that could be used to explore potential effects of climate change on freshwater ecosystems; these include models of instream flow, bioenergetics models, nutrient spiraling models, and models relating riverine food webs to hydrologic regime. We discuss potential ecological risks, benefits, and costs of climate change and identify information needs and model improvements that are required to improve our ability to predict and identify climate change impacts and to evaluate management options.     

谈水库移民城镇的环境功能恢复

以四川省二滩水电站淹没影响的盐边县城迁建前后环境状况变化为例 ,提出水库移民安置中应重视淹没实物环境功能的恢复。     

生产函数的确定及其在经济损失分析中的应用

考察了Cobb-Douglas生产函数及其几种改进模型的适用范围,以确定适用于震后各生产领域的经济损失评估模型。通过以某市历年投入产出资料为例,说明了其在评定地震损失中的应用。