Linking parks and people: Nepal's experience in resolving conflicts in parks and protected areas

SUMMARY

The search for innovative methods for improving relations between parks and people has led to various conservation and development projects around the world. Nepal's almost three decades of experience in park management in a variety of institutional settings offers valuable lessons in the challenges and opportunities for enlisting local support for conservation. Citing several macro and micro-level case studies from around the country, this paper provides a comparative perspective on the significance of tourism-focused conservation and community development activities in resolving conflicts between parks and local people.     

Analysis of household energy consumption and related CO2 emissions in the disregarded villages of Lijiang City,China

Energy is one of the most important elements required for poverty alleviation and socioeconomic development, and it has a particularly strong impact on households in rural areas. An extensive survey on household energy consumption patterns that interrelates socioeconomic and demographic factors was conducted in the disregarded villages of Lijiang City by using the stratified random sampling technique for 120 households. This study focuses on household energy consumption and the related carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in the study area. Firewood, biogas, and electricity were identified as the main energy sources of the rural households. This study demonstrates that 100% of the households use firewood, 52% use biogas, and 95% use electricity as fuel types. On average, each household consumed 1752 kg of firewood, 280 m³ of biogas, and 392 kWh of electricity annually. All households generated an annual average amount of CO₂ emissions of 3851 kg, of which 85.08% come from firewood, 7.66% from biogas, and 7.26% from electricity. Family size, income, and educational level were found to be the major factors that influence CO₂ emissions. The results of this study may be useful in explaining the energy consumption characteristics in the rural areas of Lijiang City and are expected to be useful in policy formulation for energy consumption and environmental protection.     

洛阳市不同功能区地表灰尘重金属的粒径分布特征

以洛阳市为例,分析了工业区、商业区、居民区、城乡结合处、城市绿地和城市主干道等不同功能区地表灰尘颗粒组成及重金属（Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd）粒级效应。结果表明：洛阳市不同功能区地表灰尘粒径分布具多峰性,分别在850~250、150~96及〈75μm出现分布峰值。不同功能区地表灰尘粒径差异显著,居民区和城市绿地细颗粒比重较大,工业区和城市主干道粗颗粒相对较多。各金属元素的质量分数粒级效应不一,Pb在工业区各粒级中质量分数最高,具粒级效应,其它功能区粒级效应不明显,Cd、Cu粒级效应明显,Cd富集更趋向于细粒（96~75和〈75μm）,Cu在180~150μm粒径质量分数迅速升高,并随着粒径减小,基本呈上升趋势,除工业区和城乡结合部外,其它功能区均在〈75μm粒径达到峰值。除居民区和城乡结合部各粒径Zn分布较平均外,Zn主要富集于180~150μm粒径颗粒,且质量分数明显高于其它各粒级,粒级效应基本呈现正态分布。     

长江流域重要保护物种分布格局与优先区评价

开展大尺度重要物种的保护优先区研究对于提高生物多样性保护效率十分重要. 选取1 020个物种(包括植物568种、哺乳动物142种、鸟类168种、两栖动物57种、爬行动物85种)为长江流域重要保护物种. 在分析重要保护物种类群分布格局的基础上,利用系统保护规划与专家参与的方法,提出了长江流域物种保护的27个保护优先区.保护优先区总面积占流域面积的41.8%,涵盖了重要保护物种973种,占全部重要保护物种数目的95.4%.建议以保护优先区为基本单元,开展有关生物多样性保护研究及保护区群的建设.      

The conservationists’ concerns: on national administration response to integrated use and protection planning

This paper examines the Norwegian national authorities’ responses to combined use and protection planning for huge protected areas and their buffer zone in northern Norway. The processes were chaired by county delegates and included a wide range of stakeholders. In-depth semi-structured interviews, participatory observation and document analyses have been conducted to investigate the potential of these processes and response from national environmental authorities. The paper suggests that national environmental authorities partly ignored the potential strengths associated with combined use and protection plans and over-emphasised the potential environmental threats stemming from local management. Moreover, these trade-offs seemed to be guided on a rather vague scientific basis. In conclusion, the paper argues that central environmental administration needs to (i) engage actively in participatory processes, (ii) present clear rationales, if rejecting local initiatives, (iii) acknowledge the potential for man–nature relationships as beneficial for environmental assets, and (iv) relate interpretation of law to integrative policies.     

输变电工程在不同阶段的水土流失防治责任范围变化分析——以四川省500kV输变电工程为例

通过对四川省6个500kV输变电工程的水土保持设施验收技术评估工作,分析比较了上述工程水土流失防治责任范围在水土保持方案报告书（可研）阶段、工程建设期以及运行期的变化情况,结果表明建设期水土流失防治责任范围面积占水土保持方案报告书的50％～70％,运行期水土流失防治责任范围面积占建设期的30％～50％。     

Improving visitor management approaches for the changing preferences and behaviours of country park visitors in Hong Kong

This study identified the changing preferences of country park visitors in Hong Kong and the potential for such changes to have further negative impacts on the ecologically sensitive areas of country parks. A questionnaire was used to collect feedback from 644 country park visitors to understand their preferences and visitation patterns. To investigate visitors’ preferences and behaviours and to develop better visitor management strategies, the survey data were compared with studies conducted 20 years ago. The results showed that the most popular nature‐based activities of 20 years ago, namely, picnicking and barbecuing, have significantly declined in popularity, while other activities, namely, nature studies and nature photography, have surged in popularity in recent years. These changes in visitor preferences have directly increased the negative impacts of visitors on country parks as they dispersed away from the high intensity recreation zones to the ecological sensitive areas. This emerging group of country park visitors has not been fully considered in the existing approach to visitor management and may irreversibly impact the ecological value of country parks. In this study, visitor management in Hong Kong's country parks was reviewed based on these research findings, and potential improvements were suggested.     

宝鸡市夏季不同功能区挥发性有机物污染特征及健康风险评价

关中地区大气臭氧污染近年呈加剧趋势,研究城市不同功能区VOCs污染特征及其健康风险至关重要.夏季在宝鸡市交通区、综合区、工业区和风景区（对照点）设置4个采样点,利用气相色谱-质谱/氢火焰离子检测器联用（GC-MS/FID）和高效液相色谱（HPLC）检测了115种挥发性有机物（VOCs）,分析了不同功能区的污染特征,通过臭氧生成潜势（OFP）、·OH消耗速率（L_·OH）和二次气溶胶生成潜势（SOAFP）评估其环境影响,并计算毒性VOCs的危害指数（HI）和终生致癌概率（LCR）.结果表明,采样期间交通区、综合区、工业区和风景区的φ（TVOCs）平均值分别为（59.63±23.85）×10^-9、（42.92±11.88）×10^-9、（60.27±24.09）×10^-9和（55.54±7.44）×10^-9,其中交通区烷烃占比最高,其它功能区均为含氧挥发性有机物（OVOCs）占比最高;不同功能区乙醛、丙酮、正丁烷和异戊烷等均较为丰富.交通区、综合区、工业区和风景区的甲苯与苯比值（T/B）的均值分别为1.84、2.39、1.28和1.64,同时还存在较多低于1的时段,异戊烷与正戊烷比值（i/n）多数集中在1~4之间,表明宝鸡市VOCs受到机动车尾气和油气挥发、生物质和煤燃烧以及工业涂装和铸造等工业源的影响较大.4个功能区的间/对-二甲苯与乙苯的比值（X/E）均低于2,风景区最小为1.79,表明宝鸡市VOCs一定程度上受到区域传输的影响;根据甲醛与乙醛比值（C1/C2）和乙醛与丙醛比值（C2/C3）,表明醛酮类VOCs存在较明显的人为排放源且受到光化学反应的影响.各功能区OFP为：工业区>风景区>交通区>综合区,OVOCs和烯烃贡献大;各功能区L_·OH的范围为8.77~15.82 s^-1,工业区乙醛贡献最大,其它功能区异戊二烯贡献大;各功能区SOAFP为：风景区>综合区>交通区>工业区,甲苯、间/对-二甲苯和异戊二烯为关键物种.根据EPA的健康风险评价方法,各功能区的毒性VOCs的危害指数（HI）均低于1,处于可接受水平,但工业区HI>1的天数占总采样天数的42.86%,存在较大风险;交通区、综合区、工业区和风景区的终生致癌风险（LCR）分别为1.83×10^-5、1.21×10^-5、1.85×10^-5和1.63×10^-5,均处于评价体系的第Ⅲ等级,表明有较大可能的致癌风险,LCR超过10^-6的物种有：甲醛、乙醛、1,2-二溴乙烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、1,2-二氯丙烷和氯仿.     

基于种群、功能群对比分析洞庭湖浮游植物群落驱动因素及水质评价

浮游植物是水生态系统中最重要的组成部分,因其对水环境变化敏感而常被用于指示水环境状态,但其对环境的响应受分类方法的影响.为了解洞庭湖浮游植物种群(门、属)和功能群(FG)两种分类法对环境的驱动响应特征和适用性,于2019年3～12月分水期对该湖共进行了4次采样,比较分析了浮游植物种群和功能群的分布特征及其与环境因子的响应关系,并对比了TLI指数、 Shannon-Wiener指数、Q指数等评价方法在洞庭湖的适用性.结果表明,洞庭湖共检出浮游植物6门61属,可划分为23个功能群和9个优势功能群,功能群演替趋势为P/MP/D(3月)■月)■月)■(12月).层次分割结果表明,洞庭湖浮游植物的种群分布与变化受环境因子的驱动大于空间驱动;影响浮游植物种群和功能群的主要环境因子为水温(WT)、高锰酸盐指数、溶解氧(DO)、电导率(Cond)、水位(WL)和总磷(TP),环境因子对两者的独立解释性排序相差不大.RDA分析表明,浮游植物功能群对环境因子的响应要优于浮游植物种群.综合对比分析发现,利用Q指数进行水质评价在洞庭湖水体有较好的适用性.     

乡村社区-旅游景区共生模式研究

合理科学的开发模式既能够深化旅游开发研究,又能够对旅游开发实践加以正确引导.在解读乡村旅游已有开发模式的基础上,较全面地阐释了社区-景区共生模式的内涵、演化过程以及模式构成,梳理了社区-景区共生模式的基本运作过程,并对该模式的效益进行评估.