济南市水域鱼类功能群结构及其季节性变化

鱼类对于维护河流生态系统的稳定具有重要作用,季节性变化在一定程度上影响鱼类的群落结构.为了解济南市水域鱼类的功能群结构及其季节性差异,于2014年春季（5月）、夏季（8月）和秋季（11月）选取济南市水域的40个采样点对鱼类群落和水环境理化因子,通过单因素方差分析、多响应置换过程以及典范对应分析等方法,分析鱼类功能群在不同季节的差异性.结果表明:①春季共鉴定出鱼类5目7科26种,夏季为5目9科32种,秋季为5目7科20种.将鱼类按栖息水层、产卵类型、对环境的耐受性以及营养结构4个方面分为4种功能类群共11亚类.春季主要以植食性、底层与敏感种功能群为主,夏季主要以肉食性、中下层、耐污种、特殊产卵与粘性卵功能群为主,秋季主要以杂食性、浮性卵、中上层、耐污种功能群为主.②典范对应结果显示,影响粘性卵功能群、肉食性功能群、底层功能群以及敏感种功能群分布的驱动因子是ρ（DO）,电导率则是影响植食性功能群的驱动因子.研究显示,鱼类功能群的季节性变化受到内源性和外源性的共同影响,即鱼类自身生活习性和水环境因子季节性变化的共同影响.      

基于GIS格网化分析支撑的旅游空间规划技术方法研究——以青岛市为例

空间规划是支撑旅游地发展规划的核心章节,目前主要依靠规划者经验判断,主观性较强,缺乏客观方面的信息数据支持。论文将GIS格网化与旅游资源评价模型相结合,提出了旅游资源单体采集、旅游资源格网化及其空间分析方法,并融合旅游资源群评价模型、旅游功能区识别模型、旅游线路和空间发展轴线识别模型予以支撑,形成了标准化的旅游资源采集、评价到空间识别的集成技术方法;并以青岛市为例,识别出了旅游资源集群及其发展潜力、旅游功能区和空间拓展轴线,确立了“一心、一带、三轴、五区”的空间发展格局。论文初步探讨了GIS格网化空间分析方法在区域旅游规划中的应用,能够补充传统定性评价方法客观性不足的缺陷,实现复杂旅游资源数据的单体评价、旅游资源集群评价、旅游功能区识别、旅游线路和空间发展轴线优选的系列化分析技术路线,可为延伸旅游规划深度、提高规划精度提供科学参考。     

利益冲突群体的安全人性及其弱点

根据安全人性需求理论对利益冲突群体形成的原因进行了分析,在安全人性理论的基础上揭示了利益冲突群体安全人性的本质。通过统计分析我国近14年发生的群体性事件,得出了我国群体性事件的特点、矛盾主体、原因。运用蝴蝶突变理论对群体性事件发生的原因进行分析,构建了群体性事件发生的过程机理模型,提出了应对群体性事件发生的思路,总结出利益冲突群体安全人性的应用领域。     

水库出流对水库环境容量的影响研究

水库的出流是影响水库流场的重要因素,也是影响水库水环境容量的重要因素。文章以某水库为例,利用计算流体力学及水质计算软件计算了水库在不同泄流宽度下出流的流量,并根据不同泄流宽度下水库的流场和浓度场计算了对应的水库环境容量值,分析了出流宽度、出流流量和水环境容量三者之间的关系。     

层次分析法在功能区噪声监测点位优选中的应用

运用层次分析法对功能区噪声进行优选,各功能区噪声监测点位个数分配根据功能区面积和复杂性、各功能区噪声监测点位确定根据专家比例标度赋值进行评定。     

Degradation of chlorpyrifos in laboratory soil and its impact on soil microbial functional diversity

Degradation of chlorpyrifos at different concentrations in soil and its impact on soil microbial functional diversity were investigated under laboratory conditions. The degradation half-lives of chlorpyrifos at levels of 4, 8, and 12 mg/kg in soil were calculated to be 14.3, 16.7, and 18.0 d, respectively. The Biolog study showed that average well color development (AWCD) in soils was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by chlorpyrifos within the first two weeks and thereafter recovered to the similar level as the control. A similar variation in the diversity indices (Simpson index 1/D and McIntosh index U) in chlorpyrifos-treated soils was observed, no significant difference in the Shannon-Wiener index H' was found in these soils. With increasing chlorpyrifos concentration, the half-lives of chlorpyrifos were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) extended and its inhibitory effects on soil microorganisms were aggravated. It is concluded that chlorpyrifos residues in soil had a temporary or short-term inhibitory effect on soil microbial functional diversity.     

Assumptions beyond the science: encouraging cautious conclusions about functional magnetic resonance imaging research on organizational behavior

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is likely to become the major tool for studying the neural underpinnings of organizational behavior. It is a technique for brain imaging that, according to advocates, provides information about which areas of the brain are activated during organizational processes (e.g., leadership and decision‐making). In this article, we take a critical look at this tool from a technical perspective. In particular, we take the reader through the assumptions that must be made at the three main steps of the research process (study design, data capture, and interpretation of results) in order to draw conclusions about organizational phenomena from fMRI research. Applying this analysis to three case studies demonstrates the gap between what fMRI can actually tell us and the claims often made about the contribution of fMRI to understanding and improving organizational behavior. Our discussion provides researchers with a series of recommendations oriented toward optimizing the use of fMRI to help it live up to its potential in the field of organizational behavior and consumers with a means of evaluating fMRI research in order to draw appropriate and warranted conclusions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

小兴凯湖浮游植物功能群特征及其影响因子

为分析北方寒冷地区浑浊型富营养化湖泊湿地浮游植物功能群时空变化特征及其影响因子,分别于2014年春季(5月)、夏季(7月)和秋季(9月)对小兴凯湖12个采样点进行了浮游植物采样,系统分析了浮游植物功能群的组成特征. 结果表明:小兴凯湖浮游植物共划分为21个功能群,其中重要功能群为H1、MP、D、C、Y、X2、J和W1,春季以功能群X2和D占优势,分别占49.02%和24.32%;夏季以功能群X2、C和H1占优势,分别占28.86%、16.11%和14.16%;秋季以功能群X2和C占优势,分别占46.97%和27.66%. 浮游植物功能群随季节变化表现为X2+D→X2+C+H1→X2+C的特点,反映至水体环境,春季为低温、高营养、中度浑浊水体,夏季为高温、富营养、高度浑浊、低光照水体,秋季为低温、富营养、高度浑浊、低光照水体. Pearson线性相关性分析表明,重要功能群功能群H1同ρ(TP)极显著正相关;功能群D同透明度、ρ(BOD₅)极显著正相关,同ρ(COD_Cr)显著正相关,同浊度和ρ(TIC)显著负相关;功能群X2同透明度极显著正相关,同ρ(TP)显著正相关,同浊度极显著负相关. RDA多元统计分析表明,ρ(TP)、浊度、透明度是小兴凯湖浮游植物功能群的主要影响因子,ρ(TC)、ρ(TOC)同大多数小兴凯湖浮游植物功能群正相关,但不是主要影响因子,ρ(TIC)与小兴凯湖浮游植物功能群无相关性. 小兴凯湖虽然整体营养盐水平很高,但较高的浊度抑制了浮游植物的生长.      

Physical and Chemical Connectivity of Streams and Riparian Wetlands to Downstream Waters: A Synthesis

Streams, riparian areas, floodplains, alluvial aquifers, and downstream waters (e.g., large rivers, lakes, and oceans) are interconnected by longitudinal, lateral, and vertical fluxes of water, other materials, and energy. Collectively, these interconnected waters are called fluvial hydrosystems. Physical and chemical connectivity within fluvial hydrosystems is created by the transport of nonliving materials (e.g., water, sediment, nutrients, and contaminants) which either do or do not chemically change (chemical and physical connections, respectively). A substantial body of evidence unequivocally demonstrates physical and chemical connectivity between streams and riparian wetlands and downstream waters. Streams and riparian wetlands are structurally connected to downstream waters through the network of continuous channels and floodplain form that make these systems physically contiguous, and the very existence of these structures provides strong geomorphologic evidence for connectivity. Functional connections between streams and riparian wetlands and their downstream waters vary geographically and over time, based on proximity, relative size, environmental setting, material disparity, and intervening units. Because of the complexity and dynamic nature of connections among fluvial hydrosystem units, a complete accounting of the physical and chemical connections and their consequences to downstream waters should aggregate over multiple years to decades.     

吉林省主要河流指定标准功能可达性分析

根据吉林省地方标准规定的河流水域功能类别和1995年水质监测结果,采用水质单项标准指数法,对吉林省主要河流34个国控和省控监测断面的单项指标、全指标、有机污染型指标和重金属污染型指标进行了功能评价。结果表明,仅有6个监测断面满足指定的标准功能要求,符合率仅为17.6％,主要超标污染物是COD_Mn和挥发酚。以COD为控制指标,根据逆推法的河流水环境容量模式,计算了污水达标排放情况下的污水允许排放量,从而对河流控制断面指定的标准功能进行了可达性分析。结果表明,污水达标排放时,河流流量较大、污径比较小的河流可达到指定标准功能要求;而枯水期流量较小、污径比较大的河流很难达到,应实施重点污染物的排放总量控制制度。